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Manfredi M, Comfort WE, Marques LM, Rego GG, Egito JH, Romero RL, Boggio PS. Understanding racial bias through electroencephalography. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:81. [PMID: 36973706 PMCID: PMC10045171 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on racial bias in social and cognitive psychology has focused on automatic cognitive processes such as categorisation or stereotyping. Neuroimaging has revealed differences in the neural circuit when processing social information about one's own or another's ethnicity. This review investigates the influence of racial bias on human behaviour by reviewing studies that examined changes in neural circuitry (i.e. ERP responses) during automatic and controlled processes elicited by specific tasks. This systematic analysis of specific ERP components across different studies provides a greater understanding of how social contexts are perceived and become associated with specific stereotypes and behavioural predictions. Therefore, investigating these related cognitive and neurobiological functions can further our understanding of how racial bias affects our cognition more generally and guide more effective programs and policies aimed at its mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Manfredi
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - William E Comfort
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinical Hospital, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Rego
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia H Egito
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruth L Romero
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Lee J, Penrod SD. Three‐level meta‐analysis of the other‐race bias in facial identification. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Lee
- Department of Psychology Hallym University Chuncheon South Korea
| | - Steven D. Penrod
- Department of Psychology John Jay College of Criminal Justice New York USA
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3
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Arnold NR, González Cruz H, Schellhaas S, Bublatzky F. A multinomial modelling approach to face identity recognition during instructed threat. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:1302-1319. [PMID: 34253158 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1951175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To organise future behaviour, it is important to remember both the central and contextual aspects of a situation. We examined the impact of contextual threat or safety, learned through verbal instructions, on face identity recognition. In two studies (N = 140), 72 face-context compounds were presented each once within an encoding session, and an unexpected item/source recognition task was performed afterwards (including 24 new faces). Hierarchical multinomial processing tree modelling served to estimate individual parameters of item (face identity) and source memory (threat or safety context) as well as guessing behaviour. Results show that language was highly effective in establishing threatening and safe context conditions. In Study 1, a fleeting picture stream (1 s per picture) led to poor item and source recognition. Prolonged presentation times (Study 2 with 6 s per picture) improved face memory but no contextual modulation was observed. Thus, incidental face learning was surprisingly poor and rapidly changing contextual settings might have interfered with the accurate encoding of face identity information and item-source binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Arnold
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hernán González Cruz
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Schellhaas
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Florian Bublatzky
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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4
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Recognizing a missing senior citizen in relation to experience with the elderly, demographic characteristics, and personality variables. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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The Jena Speaker Set (JESS)-A database of voice stimuli from unfamiliar young and old adult speakers. Behav Res Methods 2019; 52:990-1007. [PMID: 31637667 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-019-01296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the Jena Speaker Set (JESS), a free database for unfamiliar adult voice stimuli, comprising voices from 61 young (18-25 years) and 59 old (60-81 years) female and male speakers uttering various sentences, syllables, read text, semi-spontaneous speech, and vowels. Listeners rated two voice samples (short sentences) per speaker for attractiveness, likeability, two measures of distinctiveness ("deviation"-based [DEV] and "voice in the crowd"-based [VITC]), regional accent, and age. Interrater reliability was high, with Cronbach's α between .82 and .99. Young voices were generally rated as more attractive than old voices, but particularly so when male listeners judged female voices. Moreover, young female voices were rated as more likeable than both young male and old female voices. Young voices were judged to be less distinctive than old voices according to the DEV measure, with no differences in the VITC measure. In age ratings, listeners almost perfectly discriminated young from old voices; additionally, young female voices were perceived as being younger than young male voices. Correlations between the rating dimensions above demonstrated (among other things) that DEV-based distinctiveness was strongly negatively correlated with rated attractiveness and likeability. By contrast, VITC-based distinctiveness was uncorrelated with rated attractiveness and likeability in young voices, although a moderate negative correlation was observed for old voices. Overall, the present results demonstrate systematic effects of vocal age and gender on impressions based on the voice and inform as to the selection of suitable voice stimuli for further research into voice perception, learning, and memory.
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Kosson DS, Chi T, Riser NR, Walsh Z, Beussink CN, Pera-Guardiola V, Briz AJ. Facial affect recognition in college students with psychopathic traits: A comparison using tests matched in discriminating power. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Craig BM, Thorne EM. Social categorization and individuation in the own‐age bias. Br J Psychol 2019; 110:635-651. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M. Craig
- School of Psychology Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
- School of Psychology and Behavioural Science University of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Emily M. Thorne
- School of Psychology Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
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8
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Short LA, Mondloch CJ, deJong J, Chan H. Evidence for a young adult face bias in accuracy and consensus of age estimates. Br J Psychol 2018; 110:652-669. [PMID: 30592308 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adults' face processing may be specialized for the dimensions of young adult faces. For example, young and older adults exhibit increased accuracy in normality judgments and greater agreement in attractiveness ratings for young versus older adult faces. The present study was designed to examine whether there is a similar young adult face bias in facial age estimates. In Experiment 1, we created a face age continuum by morphing an averaged young adult face with an averaged older adult face in 5% increments, for a total of 21 faces ranging from 0 to 100% old. Young and older adults estimated facial age for three stimulus age categories [young (morphs 0-30%), middle-aged (morphs 35-65%), and older adult (morphs 70-100%)]. Both age groups showed the least differentiation in age estimates for young adult faces, despite showing greater consensus across participants in estimates for young faces. In Experiment 2, young and older adults made age estimates for individual young and older adult identities. Both age groups were more accurate and showed greater consensus in age estimates for young faces. Collectively, these results provide evidence for a bias in processing young adult faces beyond that which is often observed in recognition and normality/attractiveness judgment tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Short
- Department of Psychology, Redeemer University College, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Julia deJong
- Department of Psychology, Redeemer University College, Ancaster, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harmonie Chan
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Wiese H, Schweinberger SR. Inequality between biases in face memory: Event-related potentials reveal dissociable neural correlates of own-race and own-gender biases. Cortex 2018; 101:119-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Liedtke C, Kohl W, Kret ME, Koelkebeck K. Emotion recognition from faces with in- and out-group features in patients with depression. J Affect Disord 2018; 227:817-823. [PMID: 29689696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has shown that context (e.g. culture) can have an impact on speed and accuracy when identifying facial expressions of emotion. Patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) are known to have deficits in the identification of facial expressions, tending to give rather stereotypical judgments. While healthy individuals perceive situations which conflict with their own cultural values more negatively, this pattern would be even stronger in MDD patients, as their altered mood results in stronger biases. In this study we investigate the effect of cultural contextual cues on emotion identification in depression. METHODS Emotional faces were presented for 100ms to 34 patients with an MDD and matched controls. Stimulus faces were either covered by a cap and scarf (in-group condition) or by an Islamic headdress (niqab; out-group condition). Speed and accuracy were evaluated. RESULTS Results showed that across groups, fearful faces were identified faster and with higher accuracy in the out-group than in the in-group condition. Sadness was also identified more accurately in the out-group condition. In comparison, happy faces were more accurately (and tended to be faster) identified in the in-group condition. Furthermore, MDD patients were slower, yet not more accurate in identifying expressions of emotion compared to controls. LIMITATIONS All patients were on pharmacological treatment. Participants' political orientation was not included. The experiment differs from real life situations. CONCLUSION While our results underline findings that cultural context has a general impact on emotion identification, this effect was not found to be more prominent in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Liedtke
- University of Muenster, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A 9, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Waldemar Kohl
- University of Muenster, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A 9, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Mariska Esther Kret
- Leiden University, Cognitive Psychology Unit and Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Postzone C2-S, P.O.Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Katja Koelkebeck
- University of Muenster, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A 9, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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11
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Gaetano J, van der Zwan R, Oxner M, Hayward WG, Doring N, Blair D, Brooks A. Converging Evidence of Ubiquitous Male Bias in Human Sex Perception. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148623. [PMID: 26859570 PMCID: PMC4747496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Visually judging the sex of another can be achieved easily in most social encounters. When the signals that inform such judgements are weak (e.g. outdoors at night), observers tend to expect the presence of males-an expectation that may facilitate survival-critical decisions under uncertainty. The present aim was to examine whether this male bias depends on expertise. To that end, Caucasian and Asian observers targeted female and male hand images that were either the same or different to the observers' race (i.e. long term experience was varied) while concurrently, the proportion of targets changed across presentation blocks (i.e. short term experience change). It was thus found that: (i) observers of own-race stimuli were more likely to report the presence of males and absence of females, however (ii) observers of other-race stimuli--while still tending to accept stimuli as male--were not prone to rejecting female cues. Finally, (iii) male-biased measures did not track the relative frequency of targets or lures, disputing the notion that male bias derives from prior expectation about the number of male exemplars in a set. Findings are discussed in concert with the pan-stimulus model of human sex perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Gaetano
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Cluster, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Rick van der Zwan
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Cluster, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Matthew Oxner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - William G. Hayward
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Natalie Doring
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Cluster, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Duncan Blair
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Cluster, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Anna Brooks
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Cluster, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, Australia
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12
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Short LA, Proietti V, Mondloch CJ. Representing young and older adult faces: Shared or age-specific prototypes? VISUAL COGNITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2015.1115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Fu G, Dong Y, Quinn PC, Xiao WS, Wang Q, Chen G, Pascalis O, Lee K. Effects of visual expertise on a novel eye-size illusion: implications for holistic face processing. Vision Res 2015; 113:104-10. [PMID: 26048685 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of visual experience on the magnitude of a novel eye-size illusion: when the size of a face's frame is increased or decreased but eye size is unchanged, observers judge the size of the eyes to be different from that in the original face frame. In the current study, we asked Chinese and Caucasian participants to judge eye size in different pairs of faces and measured the magnitude of the illusion when the faces were own- or other-age (adult vs. infant faces) and when the faces were own- or other-race (Chinese vs. Caucasian faces). We found an other-age effect and an other-race effect with the eye-size illusion: The illusion was more pronounced with own-race and own-age faces than with other-race and other-age faces. These findings taken together suggest that visual experience with faces influences the magnitude of this novel illusion. Extensive experience with certain face categories strengthens the illusion in the context of these categories, but lack of it reduces the magnitude of the illusion. Our results further imply that holistic processing may play an important role in engendering the eye-size illusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyue Fu
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, China
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Wen S Xiao
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Qiandong Wang
- School of Education, Zhejiang Normal University, China
| | - Guowei Chen
- School of Education, Zhejiang Normal University, China
| | | | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Canada; School of Education, Zhejiang Normal University, China.
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14
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Short LA, Semplonius T, Proietti V, Mondloch CJ. Differential attentional allocation and subsequent recognition for young and older adult faces. VISUAL COGNITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2014.993007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Fu S, He H, Hou ZG. Learning Race from Face: A Survey. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 2014; 36:2483-2509. [PMID: 26353153 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2014.2321570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Faces convey a wealth of social signals, including race, expression, identity, age and gender, all of which have attracted increasing attention from multi-disciplinary research, such as psychology, neuroscience, computer science, to name a few. Gleaned from recent advances in computer vision, computer graphics, and machine learning, computational intelligence based racial face analysis has been particularly popular due to its significant potential and broader impacts in extensive real-world applications, such as security and defense, surveillance, human computer interface (HCI), biometric-based identification, among others. These studies raise an important question: How implicit, non-declarative racial category can be conceptually modeled and quantitatively inferred from the face? Nevertheless, race classification is challenging due to its ambiguity and complexity depending on context and criteria. To address this challenge, recently, significant efforts have been reported toward race detection and categorization in the community. This survey provides a comprehensive and critical review of the state-of-the-art advances in face-race perception, principles, algorithms, and applications. We first discuss race perception problem formulation and motivation, while highlighting the conceptual potentials of racial face processing. Next, taxonomy of feature representational models, algorithms, performance and racial databases are presented with systematic discussions within the unified learning scenario. Finally, in order to stimulate future research in this field, we also highlight the major opportunities and challenges, as well as potentially important cross-cutting themes and research directions for the issue of learning race from face.
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16
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Short LA, Mondloch CJ, Hackland AT. Attractiveness judgments and discrimination of mommies and grandmas: perceptual tuning for young adult faces. J Exp Child Psychol 2014; 129:1-11. [PMID: 25222629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adults are more accurate in detecting deviations from normality in young adult faces than in older adult faces despite exhibiting comparable accuracy in discriminating both face ages. This deficit in judging the normality of older faces may be due to reliance on a face space optimized for the dimensions of young adult faces, perhaps because of early and continuous experience with young adult faces. Here we examined the emergence of this young adult face bias by testing 3- and 7-year-old children on a child-friendly version of the task used to test adults. In an attractiveness judgment task, children viewed young and older adult face pairs; each pair consisted of an unaltered face and a distorted face of the same identity. Children pointed to the prettiest face, which served as a measure of their sensitivity to the dimensions on which faces vary relative to a norm. To examine whether biases in the attractiveness task were specific to deficits in referencing a norm or extended to impaired discrimination, we tested children on a simultaneous match-to-sample task with the same stimuli. Both age groups were more accurate in judging the attractiveness of young faces relative to older faces; however, unlike adults, the young adult face bias extended to the match-to-sample task. These results suggest that by 3 years of age, children's perceptual system is more finely tuned for young adult faces than for older adult faces, which may support past findings of superior recognition for young adult faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Short
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada; Department of Psychology, Redeemer University College, Ancaster, Ontario L9K 1J4, Canada.
| | - Catherine J Mondloch
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Anne T Hackland
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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Lipp OV, Craig BM, Dat MC. A Happy Face Advantage With Male Caucasian Faces. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550614546047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Happy faces are categorized faster as “happy” than angry faces as “angry,” the happy face advantage. Here, we show across three experiments that the size of the happy face advantage for male Caucasian faces varies as a function of the other faces they are presented with. A happy face advantage was present if the male Caucasian faces were presented among male African American faces, but absent if the same faces were presented among female faces, Caucasian or African American. The modulation of the happy face advantage for male Caucasian faces was observed even if the female Caucasian/male African American faces had neutral expressions. This difference in the happy face advantage for a constant set of faces as a function of the other faces presented indicates that it does not reflect on a stimulus-dependent bottom-up process but on the evaluation of the expressive faces within a specific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottmar V. Lipp
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Belinda M. Craig
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mylyn C. Dat
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Komes J, Schweinberger SR, Wiese H. Preserved fine-tuning of face perception and memory: evidence from the own-race bias in high- and low-performing older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:60. [PMID: 24772080 PMCID: PMC3983485 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests specific deficits in face perception and memory in older adults, which could reflect a dedifferentiation in the context of a general broadening of cognitive architecture with advanced age. Such dedifferentiation could manifest in a less specialized face processing system. A promising tool to investigate the fine-tuning of face processing in older age is the own-race bias (ORB), a phenomenon reflecting more accurate memory for own-relative to other-race faces, which is related to an expertise-based specialization of early perceptual stages. To investigate whether poor face memory in older age is accompanied by reduced expertise-based specialization of face processing, we assessed event-related brain potential correlates of the ORB in high- vs. low-performing older adults (mean age = 69 years; N = 24 per group). Intriguingly, both older groups demonstrated an equivalent pattern of a behavioral ORB, and a parallel increase in N170 for other-race faces, reflecting less efficient early perceptual processing for this face category. Group differences only emerged independent of face ethnicity: whereas low-performers exhibited a right-lateralized N170, high-performers showed a more bilateral response. This finding may suggest a compensatory mechanism counteracting age-related decline in face perception enabling more efficient encoding into memory in high performers. Overall, our results demonstrate that even a less efficient face processing system in older adults can exhibit preserved expertise-related specialization toward own-race faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Komes
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception and Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan R Schweinberger
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception and Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Wiese
- DFG Research Unit Person Perception and Department of General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Jena, Germany
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19
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Hugenberg K, Wilson JP, See PE, Young SG. Towards a synthetic model of own group biases in face memory. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.821429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Herlitz A, Lovén J. Sex differences and the own-gender bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic review. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.823140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Wiese H, Komes J, Schweinberger SR. Ageing faces in ageing minds: A review on the own-age bias in face recognition. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.823139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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How experience shapes memory for faces: an event-related potential study on the own-age bias. Biol Psychol 2013; 94:369-79. [PMID: 23860227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Young adults more accurately remember own-age than older faces. We tested whether this own-age bias (OAB) is reduced by increased experience. Young experts (geriatric nurses) and controls performed a recognition experiment with young and old faces. Critically, while control participants demonstrated better memory for young faces, no OAB was observed in the experts. Event-related potentials revealed larger N170 and P2 amplitudes for young than old faces in both groups, suggesting no group differences during early perceptual processing. At test, N250 repetition effects were more anteriorily distributed for own- than other-age faces in control participants, whereas experts showed no corresponding effects. A larger late positive component (LPC) for old than young faces was observed in controls, but not in experts. Larger LPCs may reflect prolonged stimulus processing compromising memory retrieval. In sum, experience with other-age faces does not affect early perceptual processing, but modulates later stages related to memory retrieval.
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