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Dong B, Chen A, Gu Z, Sun Y, Zhang X, Tian X. Methods for measuring egocentric distance perception in visual modality. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1061917. [PMID: 36710778 PMCID: PMC9874321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1061917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Egocentric distance perception has been widely concerned by researchers in the field of spatial perception due to its significance in daily life. The frame of perception involves the perceived distance from an observer to an object. Over the years, researchers have been searching for an optimal way to measure the perceived distance and their contribution constitutes a critical aspect of the field. This paper summarizes the methodological findings and divides the measurement methods for egocentric distance perception into three categories according to the behavior types. The first is Perceptional Method, including successive equal-appearing intervals of distance judgment measurement, verbal report, and perceptual distance matching task. The second is Directed Action Method, including blind walking, blind-walking gesturing, blindfolded throwing, and blind rope pulling. The last one is Indirect Action Method, including triangulation-by-pointing and triangulation-by-walking. In the meantime, we summarize each method's procedure, core logic, scope of application, advantages, and disadvantages. In the end, we discuss the future concerns of egocentric distance perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Department of Psychology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoming Tian, ; Bo Dong, ; Yuan Sun, ; Xiuling Zhang,
| | - Airui Chen
- Department of Psychology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyin Gu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- School of Education, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoming Tian, ; Bo Dong, ; Yuan Sun, ; Xiuling Zhang,
| | - Xiuling Zhang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoming Tian, ; Bo Dong, ; Yuan Sun, ; Xiuling Zhang,
| | - Xiaoming Tian
- Department of Psychology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoming Tian, ; Bo Dong, ; Yuan Sun, ; Xiuling Zhang,
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Jacobson N, Berleman-Paul Q, Mangalam M, Kelty-Stephen DG, Ralston C. Multifractality in postural sway supports quiet eye training in aiming tasks: A study of golf putting. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 76:102752. [PMID: 33468324 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The 'quiet eye' (QE) approach to visually-guided aiming behavior invests fully in perceptual information's potential to organize coordinated action. Sports psychologists refer to QE as the stillness of the eyes during aiming tasks and increasingly into self- and externally-paced tasks. Amidst the 'noisy' fluctuations of the athlete's body, quiet eyes might leave fewer saccadic interruptions to the coupling between postural sway and optic flow. Postural sway exhibits fluctuations whose multifractal structure serves as a robust predictor of visual and haptic perceptual responses. Postural sway generates optic flow centered on an individual's eye height. We predicted that perturbing the eye height by attaching wooden blocks below the feet would perturb the putting more so in QE-trained participants than participants trained technically. We also predicted that QE's efficacy and responses to perturbation would depend on multifractality in postural sway. Specifically, we predicted that less multifractality would predict more adaptive responses to the perturbation and higher putting accuracy. Results showed that lower multifractality led to more accurate putts, and the perturbation of eye height led to less accurate putts, particularly for QE-trained participants. Models of radial error (i.e., the distance between the ball's final position and the hole) indicated that lower estimates of multifractality due to nonlinearity coincided with a more adaptive response to the perturbation. These results suggest that reduced multifractality may act in a context-sensitive manner to restrain motoric degrees of freedom to achieve the task goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Jacobson
- Department of Psychology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | | | - Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Masoner H, Hajnal A, Clark JD, Dowell C, Surber T, Funkhouser A, Doyon J, Legradi G, Samu K, Wagman JB. Complexity of postural sway affects affordance perception of reachability in virtual reality. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:2362-2375. [PMID: 32640869 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820943757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Visual perception of whether an object is within reach while standing in different postures was investigated. Participants viewed a three-dimensional (3D) virtual reality (VR) environment with a stimulus object (red ball) placed at different egocentric distances. Participants reported whether the object was reachable while in a standard pose as well as in two separate active balance poses (yoga tree pose and toe-to-heel pose). Feedback on accuracy was not provided, and participants were not allowed to attempt to reach. Response time, affordance judgements (reachable and not reachable), and head movements were recorded on each trial. Consistent with recent research on perception of reaching ability, the perceived boundary occurred at approximately 120% of arm length, indicating overestimation of perceived reaching ability. Response times increased with distance, and were shortest for the most difficult pose-the yoga tree pose. Head movement amplitude increased with increases in balance demands. Unexpectedly, the coefficient of variation was comparable in the two active balance poses, and was more extreme in the standard control pose for the shortest and longest distances. More complex descriptors of postural sway (i.e., effort-to-compress) were predictive of perception while in the tree pose and the toe-to-heel pose, as compared with control stance. This demonstrates that standard measures of central tendency are not sufficient for describing multiscale interactions of postural dynamics in functional tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Masoner
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Alen Hajnal
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Joseph D Clark
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Catherine Dowell
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Tyler Surber
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Ashley Funkhouser
- School of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Jonathan Doyon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gabor Legradi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Krisztian Samu
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jeffrey B Wagman
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
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