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Chen Y, Zhang C, He W, Wei S, Zou K, Li X, Zhao L. The phonological congruency modulated long-term form priming of Chinese characters. Mem Cognit 2024; 52:312-333. [PMID: 37782444 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the interaction between lexical processing and word learning is essential for a complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of each of them. Long-term priming for words reflects an interplay between lexical processing and word learning. Although robust long-term priming effects have been found between two occurrences of the same word and between semantically similar words, it remains unclear whether long-term priming between orthographically similar words (i.e., long-term form priming) is a reliable effect. Following the theoretical analysis based on the connectionist framework, we articulated the possibility that long-term form priming might be modulated by the phonological congruency between the prime and target words, and that if this modulator was under control, reliable effects of long-term form priming would emerge. However, this hypothesis has not been adequately tested empirically. The present study tested this hypothesis by using Chinese phonograms and the phonetic radicals embedded in them as the prime and target items. In three experiments that varied in the types of stimuli and testing tasks, we consistently found that when the prime and target had the same phonology, naming the prime facilitated later processing of the target, while when they had different phonologies, the priming effect was inhibitory. These observations were consistent with the connectionist account of long-term priming for words. Our findings help confirm the reliability, generalizability, and robustness of long-term form priming and elucidate its underlying mechanisms, and suggesting promising future directions on the interactions between lexical processing and word learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Chen
- Department of Psychology at School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Cen Zhang
- Department of Psychology at School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenhui He
- Department of Psychology at School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuochi Wei
- Department of Psychology at School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kunyu Zou
- Department of Psychology at School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xingshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Libo Zhao
- Department of Psychology at School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Wang Y, Duan S, Ma G, Shen W. Segmentation of Spoken Overlapping Ambiguity Strings in Chinese: An Eye-Tracking Study. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:4913-4933. [PMID: 37874624 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using the printed-word paradigm with eye tracking, this study conducted three experiments to examine (a) how multiple words in spoken overlapping ambiguity strings (OASs) are activated, (b) how word frequency influences the word segmentation of spoken OASs, and (c) whether the multiple words in spoken OASs are activated competitively or independently. METHOD In this study, participants listened to a four-character spoken OAS (ABCD) and were presented with a visual display composed of a semantic associate of the "middle word" (BC; Experiments 1 and 2) or the "left word" (AB; Experiment 3) and two distractors. In Experiment 1, the word frequency of the middle words was manipulated to be higher than that of the neighbor words. In Experiment 2, the word frequency of the middle words was manipulated to be either higher or lower than that of the neighbor words. In Experiment 3, participants listened to either spoken OASs (ABCD) or spoken unambiguous strings (ABEF). RESULTS In Experiment 1, we observed a significant semantic competition effect; that is, more fixations fell on the semantic competitors than on distractors, suggesting that the semantic information of the middle words in the spoken OASs was activated. In Experiment 2, the semantic competition effect was only observed in the high-frequency condition and was absent in the low-frequency condition. In Experiment 3, the results showed significant semantic competition effects for the left words under both conditions, and the observed effect was similar between the ambiguity condition and the control condition. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that multiple words in spoken OASs are all activated and the activation level is modulated by word frequency. In addition, multiple words in the spoken OASs may be processed independently during spoken comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxi Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Suke Duan
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Guojie Ma
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou Normal University, China
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Ito A, Knoeferle P. Analysing data from the psycholinguistic visual-world paradigm: Comparison of different analysis methods. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:3461-3493. [PMID: 36396835 PMCID: PMC10615950 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss key characteristics and typical experimental designs of the visual-world paradigm and compare different methods of analysing eye-movement data. We discuss the nature of the eye-movement data from a visual-world study and provide data analysis tutorials on ANOVA, t-tests, linear mixed-effects model, growth curve analysis, cluster-based permutation analysis, bootstrapped differences of timeseries, generalised additive modelling, and divergence point analysis to enable psycholinguists to apply each analytical method to their own data. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method and offer recommendations about how to select an appropriate method depending on the research question and the experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aine Ito
- Department of German Studies and Linguistics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of English, Linguistics and Theatre Studies, National University of Singapore, Block AS5, 7 Arts Link, Singapore, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Pia Knoeferle
- Department of German Studies and Linguistics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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The role of tonal information during spoken-word recognition in Chinese: Evidence from a printed-word eye-tracking study. Mem Cognit 2020; 49:181-192. [PMID: 32676885 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-020-01070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the extent to which the lexical tone can affect spoken-word recognition in Chinese using a printed-word paradigm. Participants were presented with a visual display of four words-namely, a target word (e.g., , xiang4xian4, "quadrant"), a tone-consistent phonological competitor (e.g., , xiang4ce4, "photo album"), or a tone-inconsistent phonological competitor (e.g., , xiang1cai4, "coriander"), and two unrelated distractors. Simultaneously, they were asked to listen to a spoken target word presented in isolation (Experiment 1) or embedded in neutral/predictive sentence contexts (Experiment 2), and then click on the target word on the screen. Results showed significant phonological competitor effects (i.e., the fixation proportion on the phonological competitor was higher than that on the distractors) under both tone conditions. Specifically, a larger phonological competitor effect was observed in the tone-consistent condition than in the tone-inconsistent condition when the spoken word was presented in isolation and the neutral sentence contexts. This finding suggests a partial role of lexical tone in constraining spoken-word recognition. However, when embedded in a predictive sentence context, the phonological competitor effect was only observed in the tone-consistent condition and absent in the tone-inconsistent condition. This result indicates that the predictive sentence context can strengthen the role of lexical tone.
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Zhao L, Yuan S, Guo Y, Wang S, Chen C, Zhang S. Inhibitory control is associated with the activation of output-driven competitors in a spoken word recognition task. The Journal of General Psychology 2020; 149:1-28. [PMID: 32462997 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2020.1771675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although lexical competition has been ubiquitously observed in spoken word recognition, less has been known about whether the lexical competitors interfere with the recognition of the target and how lexical interference is resolved. The present study examined whether lexical competitors overlapping in output with the target would interfere with its recognition, and tested an underestimated hypothesis that the domain-general inhibitory control contributes to the resolution of lexical interference. Specifically, in this study, a Visual World Paradigm was used to access the temporal dynamics of lexical activations when participants were moving the mouse cursor to the written word form of the spoken word they heard. By using Chinese characters, the orthographic similarity between the lexical competitor and target was manipulated independently of their phonological overlap. The results demonstrated that behavioral performance in the similar condition was poorer compared to that in the control condition, and that individuals with better inhibitory control (having smaller Stroop interference effect) exhibited weaker activation of orthographic competitors (mouse trajectories less attracted by the orthographic competitors). The implications of these findings for our understanding of lexical interference and its resolution in spoken word recognition were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhao
- Department of Psychology, BeiHang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Yuan
- Department of Psychology, BeiHang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Psychology, BeiHang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Psychology, BeiHang University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shudong Zhang
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Zheng W, Wang Y, Wang X. The Effect of Salience on Chinese Pun Comprehension: A Visual World Paradigm Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:116. [PMID: 32116922 PMCID: PMC7011777 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study adopted the printed-word visual world paradigm to investigate the salience effect on Chinese pun comprehension. In such an experiment, participants listen to a spoken sentence while looking at a visual display of four printed words (including a semantic competitor, a phonological competitor, and two unrelated distractors). Previous studies based on alphabetic languages have found robust phonological effects (participants fixated more at phonological competitors than distractors during the unfolding of the spoken target words), while controversy remains regarding the existence of a similar semantic effect. A recent Chinese study reported reliable semantic effects in two experiments using this paradigm, suggesting that Chinese participants could actively map the semantic input from the auditory modality with the semantic information retrieved from printed words. In light of their study, we designed an experiment with two conditions: a replication condition to test the validity of using the printed-word world paradigm in Chinese semantic research, and a pun condition to assess the role played by salience during pun comprehension. Indeed, global analyses have revealed robust semantic effects in both experimental conditions, where participants were found more attracted to the semantic competitors than to the distractors with the emergence of target words. More importantly, the local analyses from the pun condition have shown that the participants were more attracted to the semantic competitors related to the salient meaning of the ambiguous word in a pun than to those related to the less salient meanings within 200 ms after target word offset. This finding suggests that the salient meaning of the ambiguous word in a pun is activated and assessed faster than its less salient counterpart. The initial advantage observed in the present study is consistent with the prediction of the graded salience hypothesis rather than the direct access model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Foreign Language Studies, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
- School of Humanities and Communication Arts, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Shen W, Li Z, Tong X. Time Course of the Second Morpheme Processing During Spoken Disyllabic Compound Word Recognition in Chinese. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2018; 61:2796-2803. [PMID: 30458526 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-17-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the time course of meaning activation of the 2nd morpheme processing of compound words during Chinese spoken word recognition using eye tracking technique with the printed-word paradigm. METHOD In the printed-word paradigm, participants were instructed to listen to a spoken target word (e.g., "", /da4fang1/, generous) while presented with a visual display composed of 3 words: a morphemic competitor (e.g., "", /yuan2xing2/, circle), which was semantically related to the 2nd morpheme (e.g., "", /fang1/, square) of the spoken target word; a whole-word competitor (e.g., "", /lin4se4/, stingy), which was semantically related to the spoken target word at the whole-word level; and a distractor, which was semantically related to neither the morpheme or the whole target word. Participants were asked to respond whether the spoken target word was on the visual display or not, and their eye movements were recorded. RESULTS The logit mixed-model analysis showed both the morphemic competitor and the whole-word competitor effects. Both the morphemic and whole-word competitors attracted more fixations than the distractor. More importantly, the 2nd-morphemic competitor effect occurred at a relatively later time window (i.e., 1000-1500 ms) compared with the whole-word competitor effect (i.e., 200-1000 ms). CONCLUSION Findings in this study suggest that semantic information of both the 2nd morpheme and the whole word of a compound was activated in spoken word recognition and that the meaning activation of the 2nd morpheme followed the activation of the whole word.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Xiuhong Tong
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Ting Kok
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Visual attention shift to printed words during spoken word recognition in Chinese: The role of phonological information. Mem Cognit 2018; 46:642-654. [PMID: 29372533 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-018-0790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which phonological information mediates the visual attention shift to printed Chinese words in spoken word recognition by using an eye-movement technique with a printed-word paradigm. In this paradigm, participants are visually presented with four printed words on a computer screen, which include a target word, a phonological competitor, and two distractors. Participants are then required to select the target word using a computer mouse, and the eye movements are recorded. In Experiment 1, phonological information was manipulated at the full-phonological overlap; in Experiment 2, phonological information at the partial-phonological overlap was manipulated; and in Experiment 3, the phonological competitors were manipulated to share either fulloverlap or partial-overlap with targets directly. Results of the three experiments showed that the phonological competitor effects were observed at both the full-phonological overlap and partial-phonological overlap conditions. That is, phonological competitors attracted more fixations than distractors, which suggested that phonological information mediates the visual attention shift during spoken word recognition. More importantly, we found that the mediating role of phonological information varies as a function of the phonological similarity between target words and phonological competitors.
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The time course of morphological processing during spoken word recognition in Chinese. Psychon Bull Rev 2017; 24:1957-1963. [PMID: 28361435 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the time course of morphological processing during spoken word recognition using the printed-word paradigm. Chinese participants were asked to listen to a spoken disyllabic compound word while simultaneously viewing a printed-word display. Each visual display consisted of three printed words: a semantic associate of the first constituent of the compound word (morphemic competitor), a semantic associate of the whole compound word (whole-word competitor), and an unrelated word (distractor). Participants were directed to detect whether the spoken target word was on the visual display. Results indicated that both the morphemic and whole-word competitors attracted more fixations than the distractor. More importantly, the morphemic competitor began to diverge from the distractor immediately at the acoustic offset of the first constituent, which was earlier than the whole-word competitor. These results suggest that lexical access to the auditory word is incremental and morphological processing (i.e., semantic access to the first constituent) that occurs at an early processing stage before access to the representation of the whole word in Chinese.
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Stegemann S, Riedl R, Sourij H. Identification of different shapes, colors and sizes of standard oral dosage forms in diabetes type 2 patients—A pilot study. Int J Pharm 2017; 517:112-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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