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Madhavan M, Zaid MI, Chaudhary K, Soribe C, Jlal Siddiqui M, Ali N, Rahaman R, Brito Lima H, Nair S, Din N, Marzec M, Wróbel MJ. Memory Load Test - A Concept for Cognitive Reserve Evaluation with Auditory Perception. OTOLARYNGOLOGIA POLSKA 2024; 78:1-9. [PMID: 39267575 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0054.5661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
<b>Introduction:</b> Auditory scene analysis refers to the system through which the auditory system distinguishes distinct auditory events and sources to create meaningful auditory information. The exact number of directly perceived auditory stimuli is unknown, studies suggest it may range from 3 to 5. This number differs among individuals, and potentially may indirectly indicate the ability to store and process the complex information, related to the memory load, which is combined with human cognitive processes.<b>Aim:</b> This study aims to further identify and quantify the number of sounds that can be perceived simultaneously in a complex auditory environment.<b>Material and methods:</b> Participants were presented with structured acoustic recordings and were asked to identify the exact number of targeted stimuli heard throughout the test. The experiment was designed to assess the auditory load and determine the maximum number of auditory stimuli that a healthy human can perceive at once.<b>Results:</b> Our study showed that on average, participants could identify up to three sounds at once with accuracy of responses declining progressively for four sounds or more.<b>Conclusions:</b> This study aimed to investigate the human capacity to detect and identify multiple sound signals simultaneously in a noisy environment. By understanding this ability, we sought to assess cognitive reserve in individuals. Our objective was to determine if auditory load could serve as a diagnostic tool for cognitive evaluation. We believe that further research will establish the validity of this approach, and we anticipate that it is only a matter of time before it becomes a viable method for assessing cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Madhavan
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Muhammad Ibraheem Zaid
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Khizer Chaudhary
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Chetachi Soribe
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Muhammed Jlal Siddiqui
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Nabiha Ali
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Roisin Rahaman
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Helga Brito Lima
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sanya Nair
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Nessa Din
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maria Marzec
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej J Wróbel
- ENT Scientific Club, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Chen J, Paul JM, Reeve R. Manipulation of Attention Affects Subitizing Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104753. [PMID: 35772633 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Subitizing is the fast and accurate enumeration of small sets. Whether attention is necessary for subitizing remains controversial considering (1) subitizing is claimed to be "pre-attentive", and (2) existing experimental methods and results are inconsistent. To determine whether manipulations to attention demonstratively affect subitizing, the current study comprises a systematic review and meta-analysis. Results from fourteen studies (22 experiments, 35 comparisons) suggest that changes to attentional demands interferes with enumeration of small sets; leading to slower response times, lower accuracy, and poorer Weber acuity (p <.010; p <.001; p <.001; respectively)-notwithstanding a potential publication bias. A unifying framework is proposed to explain the role of attention in visual enumeration, with progressively greater attentional involvement from estimation to subitizing to counting. Our findings suggest attention is integral for subitizing and highlights the need to emphasise attentional mechanisms into neurocognitive models of numerosity processing. We also discuss the possible role of attention in numerical processing difficulties (e.g., dyscalculia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Institute for Social Neuroscience, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jacob M Paul
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Reeve
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Lou C, Zeng H, Chen L. Asymmetric switch cost between subitizing and estimation in tactile modality. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02858-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sharma PK, Britto AP, Aggarwal N, Hughes B. Raised Dot Enumeration Via Haptic Exploration. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON HAPTICS 2021; 14:143-151. [PMID: 32845844 DOI: 10.1109/toh.2020.3018727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In two experiments we investigated blindfolded, sighted participants' capacity to extract the number of raised dots from arrays of braille cells that they scanned once via active touch. The arrays could contain between one and 12 raised dots and estimates were based on scanning with one or more fingers on one or both hands (Experiment 1), or when the dots were as maximally or minimally spaced as the braille code permits (Experiment 2). We sought evidence of discontinuities in performance that reflect more than one mode of enumeration. We found that participants' estimates of numerosity increased in a linear fashion with actual numerosity, but were increasingly underestimated beyond numerosity of six, and confidence in the judgment declined linearly with increasing numerosity. Finger combinations made no difference to accuracy, errors, or confidence. Increasing dot density had the effect of diminishing perceptual accuracy, exaggerating underestimation and reducing confidence. While perceptual accuracy was generally high up to six raised dots, patterns of confusions and scaling analyses suggest that numerosities of four or less are perceptually unique. In this article, we discuss these data in terms of enumeration in touch and other modalities, and consider whether this discontinuity in enumeration signifies a subitize-to-count or a count-to-estimate transition.
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Parametric Representation of Tactile Numerosity in Working Memory. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0090-19.2019. [PMID: 31919053 PMCID: PMC7029184 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0090-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimated numerosity perception is processed in an approximate number system (ANS) that resembles the perception of a continuous magnitude. The ANS consists of a right lateralized frontoparietal network comprising the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the intraparietal sulcus. Although the ANS has been extensively investigated, only a few studies have focused on the mental representation of retained numerosity estimates. Specifically, the underlying mechanisms of estimated numerosity working memory (WM) is unclear. Besides numerosities, as another form of abstract quantity, vibrotactile WM studies provide initial evidence that the right LPFC takes a central role in maintaining magnitudes. In the present fMRI multivariate pattern analysis study, we designed a delayed match-to-numerosity paradigm to test what brain regions retain approximate numerosity memoranda. In line with parametric WM results, our study found numerosity-specific WM representations in the right LPFC as well as in the supplementary motor area and the left premotor cortex extending into the superior frontal gyrus, thus bridging the gap in abstract quantity WM literature.
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