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Labajos MJ, Calcagni G, Pellón R. Mutual facilitation between activity-based anorexia and schedule-induced polydipsia in rats. Learn Behav 2023; 51:502-520. [PMID: 36604387 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between drinking (licks) in the schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) phenomenon and running (turns in the wheel) in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) one. Within-subjects counterbalanced experiments were designed with male Wistar rats which underwent both behavioral procedures; half of them performed the ABA procedure first and the other half the SIP procedure first. In Experiment 1, the initial development of ABA facilitated the subsequent acquisition of SIP, whereas the first acquisition of SIP retarded the subsequent development of ABA. Given that SIP exposure implied food restriction, it could be that adaptation to the food regime contributed to lowering ABA manifestation. Thus, Experiment 2 was carried out in exactly the same way as Experiment 1, with the exception that animals which first went through SIP prior to undergoing the ABA procedure had no food restriction. In this case, both ABA and SIP as first experiences facilitated the further development of SIP and ABA, respectively. This suggests that running in ABA may be functionally similar to drinking in SIP; therefore, both behaviors can be thought of as induced by the schedule/regime of intermittent food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Labajos
- Laboratorio de Aprendizaje y Conducta Animal, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gianluca Calcagni
- Laboratorio de Aprendizaje y Conducta Animal, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Gianluca Calcagni is at Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, CSIC, Serrano 121, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pellón
- Laboratorio de Aprendizaje y Conducta Animal, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, C/ Juan del Rosal 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Marti-Prats L, Giuliano C, Domi A, Puaud M, Peña-Oliver Y, Fouyssac M, McKenzie C, Everitt BJ, Belin D. The development of compulsive coping behavior depends on dorsolateral striatum dopamine-dependent mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4666-4678. [PMID: 37770577 PMCID: PMC10914627 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Humans greatly differ in how they cope with stress, a natural behavior learnt through negative reinforcement. Some individuals engage in displacement activities, others in exercise or comfort eating, and others still in alcohol use. Across species, adjunctive behaviors, such as polydipsic drinking, are used as a form of displacement activity that reduces stress. Some individuals, in particular those that use alcohol to self-medicate, tend to lose control over such coping behaviors, which become excessive and compulsive. However, the psychological and neural mechanisms underlying this individual vulnerability have not been elucidated. Here we tested the hypothesis that the development of compulsive adjunctive behaviors stems from the functional engagement of the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) dopamine-dependent habit system after a prolonged history of adjunctive responding. We measured in longitudinal studies in male Sprague Dawley rats the sensitivity of early established vs compulsive polydipsic water or alcohol drinking to a bilateral infusion into the anterior DLS (aDLS) of the dopamine receptor antagonist α-flupentixol. While most rats acquired a polydipsic drinking response with water, others only did so with alcohol. Whether drinking water or alcohol, the acquisition of this coping response was insensitive to aDLS dopamine receptor blockade. In contrast, after prolonged experience, adjunctive drinking became dependent on aDLS dopamine at a time when it was compulsive in vulnerable individuals. These data suggest that habits may develop out of negative reinforcement and that the engagement of their underlying striatal system is necessary for the manifestation of compulsive adjunctive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Marti-Prats
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Chiara Giuliano
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Astra Zeneca, R&D Biopharmaceuticals, Fleming Building (B623), Babraham Research Park, Babraham, Cambridgeshire, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ana Domi
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg, Box 410, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Mickaël Puaud
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Yolanda Peña-Oliver
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Research and Enterprise Services, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Maxime Fouyssac
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Colin McKenzie
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Barry J Everitt
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - David Belin
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
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Fuentes-Verdugo E, López-Tolsa GE, Pascual R, Pellón R. Environmental enrichment accelerates the acquisition of schedule-induced drinking in rats. Behav Processes 2023; 212:104934. [PMID: 37659684 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) provides an improvement in the housing conditions of experimental animals, such as laboratory rats, with greater physical and social stimulation through toys and company in the home cages. Its use is known to influence performance of experimental protocols, but these effects have not been well determined in the schedule-induced drinking (SID) procedure. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of EE on the acquisition of SID in 24 12-week-old male Wistar rats, divided into two groups, a group with EE housed with toys and companions, and a group without enrichment in individual housing conditions without toys (social isolation and no environmental enrichment, INEE). A total of 25 sessions, under a fixed time 30 s food reinforcement schedule and with access to water in the experimental chambers were carried out. Sessions lasted 30 min. The results showed that the EE group developed faster the excessive drinking pattern of SID, and drank to higher levels, than the INEE group. The greater development of SID in the EE group contradicts the view of schedule-induced behavior as linked to stress reduction and better suits with the conception of induction related to positive reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Fuentes-Verdugo
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela E López-Tolsa
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Pascual
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pellón
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, School of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Derenne A. Performance on a progressive-ratio schedule of food reinforcement during concurrent access to a sucrose solution or tap water. Behav Processes 2020; 173:104040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ramos S, López-Tolsa GE, Sjoberg EA, Pellón R. Effect of Schedule-Induced Behavior on Responses of Spontaneously Hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto Rats in a Delay-Discounting Task: A Preliminary Report. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:255. [PMID: 31798428 PMCID: PMC6874143 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Delay discounting is the loss of the subjective value of an outcome as the time to its delivery increases. It has been suggested that organisms can become more tolerant of this delay when engaging in schedule-induced behaviors. Schedule-induced behaviors are those that develop at a high rate during intermittent reinforcement schedules without the need of arranged contingency to the reinforcer, and they have been considered as a model of compulsivity. There is evidence that relates compulsivity to greater delay discounting. The rate of delay discounting represents how impulsive the subject is, as the rate of discounting increases the higher the impulsivity. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to undertake a preliminary evaluation of whether developing schedule-induced behaviors affects performance in a delay-discounting task, by comparing spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The rats were exposed to a task that consisted of presenting the subjects with two levers: one produced a small, immediate food reinforcer while the other one produced a larger, delayed reinforcer. During Condition A, the levers were presented, and a water bottle and a running wheel were available in the conditioning chambers; during Condition B, only the levers were presented. SHR and WKY rats developed schedule-induced behaviors during Condition A and showed no difference in discounting rates, contradicting previous reports. Lick allocation during response-reinforcer delays and the inter-trial interval (ITI) showed, respectively, pre- and post-food distributions. Discounting rates during Condition B (when rats could not engage in schedule-induced behaviors) did not reach statistical significance difference among strains of animals, although it was observed a tendency for WKY to behave more self-controlled. Likewise it was not found any effect of schedule-induced behavior on discounting rates, however, a tendency for WKY rats to behave more impulsive during access to drink and run seems to tentatively support the idea of schedule-induced behavior as a model of compulsivity in those rats, being impulsivity simply defined as an excess in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ramos
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela E López-Tolsa
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Espen A Sjoberg
- Animal Behavior Laboratories, Department of Behavioral Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Schools of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ricardo Pellón
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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de Paz A, Vidal P, Pellón R. Exercise, diet, and the reinforcing value of food in an animal model of anorexia nervosa. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1692-1703. [PMID: 30282528 DOI: 10.1177/1747021818807865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Activity-based anorexia (ABA) develops when laboratory rats are subjected to a single meal per day and have access to an activity wheel for the remaining time. Here, we studied the contribution of exercise and diet to the reinforcing value of food during ABA development. Three groups of eight adult male Wistar rats were used: an ABA group with 21.5 hr (then 22 hr) of wheel access and 1 hr (then 30 min) of food access, a control group with the same time exposure to food but without exercise, and a yoked group to the ABA in terms of weight loss. Rats were daily tested on a progressive-ratio schedule to measure their motivation for food. ABA rats gradually reduced their body weight more than the food control group. Animals steadily increased their breaking points in parallel to losses in body weight, but no significant differences were found between groups. Adult rats can develop ABA, but their loss in weight neither resulted in a decrease of food intake nor in the motivation to obtain it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana de Paz
- 1 Laboratorios de Conducta Animal, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Vidal
- 1 Laboratorios de Conducta Animal, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pellón
- 1 Laboratorios de Conducta Animal, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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Delay Gradients for Spout-Licking and Magazine-Entering Induced by a Periodic Food Schedule. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-018-0275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ruiz JA, Pimpinela E, Pellón R. Conditioned-reinforcement tests of schedule-induced drinking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15021149.2016.1235528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Ruiz
- Animal Behaviour Laboratories, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Pimpinela
- Animal Behaviour Laboratories, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pellón
- Animal Behaviour Laboratories, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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Ruiz JA, López-Tolsa GE, Pellón R. Reinforcing and timing properties of water in the schedule-induced drinking situation. Behav Processes 2016; 127:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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