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Conte N, Pelegrina S, Padulo C, Marascia E, Fairfield B. Collaborative encoding with a new categorization task: a contribution to collaborative memory research. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1339-1351. [PMID: 38466389 PMCID: PMC11142965 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Collaborative memory research has focused primarily on the effects of collaboration at recall with collaboration during encoding receiving less attention. In the present study, collaboration was investigated both at encoding and at retrieval to determine its effects and possible interactions. The aim was to clarify whether the collaborative inhibition effect depended on whether the encoding was with the same or with a different partner. A total of 320 participants (160 Italian and 160 Spanish undergraduate students) were administered a modified version of the collaborative memory paradigm with a new categorization task of verbal affective stimuli at encoding. Specifically, they were asked to classify 90 printed words into 6 categories, so as to have 15 words in each category and then did two recall tasks. Participants were assigned to one of five possible conditions according to encoding (collaborative, individual) and recall (collaborative with the same partner, with another partner, and individual). Results show a collaborative encoding deficit and the classic collaborative inhibition effect independently of whether the encoding was collaborative or individual and even in a collaborative recall group that showed a degree of recall output organization comparable to that of the individual recall group. These results are not wholly consistent with a retrieval disruption explanation and are discussed according to divided attention during collaborative recall and how it may contribute to the collaborative inhibition effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Conte
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territory Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | | | - Caterina Padulo
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Marascia
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territory Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Beth Fairfield
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, 80133, Naples, Italy
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Krogulska A, Izdebska K, Hanczakowski M, Zawadzka K. Whom to trust? Inferred source credibility and response borrowing in a memory task. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:1745-1760. [PMID: 37084068 PMCID: PMC10638194 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether people can discriminate between sources of information that are either credible or respond at random, based only on their own knowledge and the responses provided by these sources. In three experiments, participants were asked to judge the validity of trivia statements. Some statements were accompanied by true/false responses provided by either a credible source or a source whose responses were random. In Experiment 1, participants first saw a set of easy questions, which provided the basis for assessing the relative credibility of the sources, before responding to a set of difficult questions, where response borrowing was assessed. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants solved a test composed of difficult questions only, but only after studying the correct responses to all these questions. In Experiment 2, there was no delay between the study and test phases, whereas in Experiment 3, the delay was 24 hours. In all experiments, more participants explicitly identified the more credible source in the postexperimental questionnaire than misidentified the noninformative source as credible. However, differentiated response borrowing-borrowing more responses from the credible than the noninformative source-emerged only in Experiment 2. Therefore, people can often explicitly infer source credibility from the responses the sources provide. However, using these inferences to regulate response borrowing is relatively less likely and happens only under specific, favorable circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Krogulska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Kinga Izdebska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Hanczakowski
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zawadzka
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Cognitive Studies, SWPS University, Warszawa, Poland
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3
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Together we lose or gain: Ongoing and enduring impacts of collaboration in episodic memory of emotional DRM lists. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bartlett G, Gawrylowicz J, Frings D, Albery IP. Would you believe an intoxicated witness? The impact of witness alcohol intoxication status on credibility judgments and suggestibility. Front Psychol 2022; 13:983681. [PMID: 36248588 PMCID: PMC9562122 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.983681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory conformity may occur when a person’s belief in another’s memory report outweighs their belief in their own. Witnesses might be less likely to believe and therefore take on false information from intoxicated co-witnesses, due to the common belief that alcohol impairs memory performance. This paper presents an online study in which participants (n = 281) watched a video of a mock crime taking place outside a pub that included a witness either visibly consuming wine or a soft drink. Participants then read a statement from the witness that varied in the number of false details it contained before being asked to recall the crime. We found that the intoxicated witness was regarded as significantly less credible, but participants were not less likely to report misinformation from them. This suggests that intoxication status impacts one’s perception of how credible a source is, but not one’s ability to reject false suggestions from this source. Our findings reinforce the importance of minimizing co-witness discussion prior to interview, and not to assume that people automatically (correctly or not) discount information provided by intoxicated co-witnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Bartlett
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, Division of Psychology, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Georgina Bartlett,
| | - Julie Gawrylowicz
- Division of Psychology and Forensic Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Frings
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, Division of Psychology, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Albery
- Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, Division of Psychology, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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Nie A, Ke C, Guo B, Li M, Xiao Y. Collaborative memory for categorized lists: ongoing and lasting effects are sensitive to episodic memory tasks. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Hart KM, Meade ML. Social contagion of memory and the role of self-initiated relative judgments. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 212:103189. [PMID: 33125984 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments examined the role of spontaneous relative judgments within the social contagion of memory paradigm (Roediger, Meade, & Bergman, 2001). Participants viewed household scenes (for short or long durations) in collaboration with a confederate (with low, average, or superior memory ability) who falsely recalled incorrect items as having occurred in the scenes. Of interest was whether or not participants would spontaneously evaluate the state of their own memory relative to the state of the confederate's memory when remembering suggested information. Participant responses on a metacognitive questionnaire demonstrated that participants were aware of their own memory ability relative to the memory ability of their partner. Interestingly, this information influenced participants' remember responses on the recall test only when they felt their own memory was relatively poor. Participants make self-initiated, relative judgments of memory when working with others on a memory test, and these judgments are driven by metacognitive differences in remember responses. The results highlight the importance of metacognition in understanding relative judgments in social memory.
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Social interactions can simultaneously enhance and distort memories: Evidence from a collaborative recognition task. Cognition 2020; 200:104254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nie A, Ke C, Li M, Guo B. Disrupters as Well as Monitors: Roles of Others During and After Collaborative Remembering in the DRM Procedure. Adv Cogn Psychol 2019; 15:276-289. [PMID: 32494313 PMCID: PMC7251628 DOI: 10.5709/acp-0275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influence of others on true and inauthentic memory both during and after collaborative remembering have drawn extensive attention in recent years. Collaborative research has recorded three typical effects: collaborative inhibition and error pruning (i.e., nominal groups recall more true information but also bear higher erroneous intrusions than collaborative groups) during collaboration, as well as post-collaborative recall benefit after collaboration. This study introduced Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists not only to investigate these phenomena in semantically related information, but also set a course to explore false memory in the collaborative context. Another issue is the sensitivity of these effects to different episodic memory tests (i.e., item memory and source memory tests). In views of these, the current study instructed participants to study several DRM lists and then recall previously studied words (item recall) together with their displayed colors (source retrieval) twice (Recall 1 and 2). Recall 1 was performed either individually or collaboratively, whereas Recall 2 was conducted individually. The cost of collaborative inhibition was obtained, along with three different beneficial effects: error pruning, false memory reduction, and post-collaborative recall benefit. Furthermore, the novel implication of the current study is that it reveals the sensitivity of collaborative inhibition and error pruning in DRM lists to testing conditions and demonstrates that the modulation of collaboration on false memory occurs in the same way both during and after collaboration. These results are discussed in terms of the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis and other accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Nie
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Chunchun Ke
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Mengsi Li
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Bingyan Guo
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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Li Y, Li W, Yang Y, Wang Q. Feedback and Direction Sources Influence Navigation Decision Making on Experienced Routes. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2104. [PMID: 31572278 PMCID: PMC6753235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When navigating in a new environment, it is typical for people to resort to external guidance such as Global Positioning System (GPS), or people. However, in the real world, even though navigators have learned the route, they may still prefer to travel with external guidance. We explored how the availability of feedback and the source of external guidance affect navigation decision-making on experienced routes in the presence of external guidance. In three experiments, participants navigated a simulated route three times and then verbally confirmed that they had learned it. They then traveled the same route again, accompanied with no, correct, or incorrect direction guidance, which latter two were provided by a GPS (Experiment 1), a stranger (Experiment 2), or a friend (Experiment 3). Half of the participants received immediate feedback on their navigation decisions, while the other half without feedback did not know if they had selected the correct directions. Generally, without feedback, participants relied on external guidance, regardless of the direction sources. Results also showed that participants trusted the GPS the most, but performed best with their friends as a direction source. With feedback, participants did not show differences in performance between the correct and incorrect guidance conditions, indicating that feedback plays a critical role in evaluating the reliability of external guidance. Our findings suggest that incorrect guidance without any feedback might disturb navigation decision-making, which was further moderated by the perceived credibility of direction sources. We discuss these results within the context of navigation decision-making theory and consider implications for wayfinding behaviors as a social activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijia Li
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Parks CM, McAuley AJ. The role of memory strength and task orientation in memory conformity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 196:109-117. [PMID: 31028962 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory conformity occurs when one's memory reports are influenced by the memories of others. These experiments tested whether the conformity effect would be moderated by memory strength and task orientation. In Experiments 1 and 3 we manipulated levels of processing to test whether conformity effects are greater when memory is poor relative to when it is good. In Experiment 2 we tested the role of participants' orientation to the test, as either a test-taker or a grader, as well as the effects of levels of processing. Conformity effects were found in all experiments, but were not eliminated when memory was strong. Conformity was influenced by the participant's task orientation, with a smaller effect for graders than test-takers. These data indicate that strong memory will not always buffer the conformity effect, but a relatively simple role change can moderate the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy J McAuley
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, United States of America
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Numbers KT, Barnier AJ, Harris CB, Meade ML. Ageing stereotypes influence the transmission of false memories in the social contagion paradigm. Memory 2019; 27:368-378. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1511809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katya T. Numbers
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, and Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda J. Barnier
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, and Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Celia B. Harris
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, and Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Meade
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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Monds LA, Howard M, Paterson HM, Kemp RI. The effects of perceived memory ability on memory conformity for an event. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2019; 26:580-592. [PMID: 31984098 PMCID: PMC6762151 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2018.1556130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of false feedback about individual memory performance relative to a co-witness on susceptibility to misinformation. Pairs of participants (n = 130; 65 pairs) completed a visual memory test and received false feedback on their performance indicating that the memory ability of one participant in the pair was stronger relative to the other participant. The participants then viewed a crime video (either the same video or one slightly different to their partner) and discussed their memories for this video with their co-witness. Participants completed a semi-cued recall task and a recognition test about the video. False memory feedback indicating lower relative performance was associated with significant increases in sensitivity to misinformation. The results are discussed in reference to the potential contributions that co-witnesses' perceptions of both their partner's reliability and their own reliability have on event memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Monds
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Howard
- Corrective Services New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Richard I. Kemp
- Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Amici F. An Evolutionary Approach to the Study of Collaborative Remembering? Top Cogn Sci 2018; 11:811-816. [PMID: 30457220 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hope and Gabbert (2008) and Jay and colleagues (in press) show us that collaborative remembering, in certain contexts, may result in incomplete and less accurate memories. Here, I will discuss the evolutionary origins of this behavior, linking it to phenomena such as social contagion, conformity, and social learning, which are highly adaptive and widespread across non-human taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Amici
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Jr. Research Group of Primate Kin Selection.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig
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Wagner MF, Skowronski JJ. Thinking About a Past Group Inclusion Experience or a Past Group Exclusion Experience Affects Memory Task Performance. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:1843-1864. [PMID: 30165785 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118789859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An experiment examined the impact of thinking about autobiographical group-related events (i.e., a past group inclusion experience or a past group exclusion experience) on recognition memory. After encountering the experimental manipulation, participants studied a list of words. Participants later engaged in two subsequent recognition tests: a group recognition test with a bogus confederate and a surprise individual recognition test. The memory measures were derived from signal detection theory and included hit rates, false alarm rates, and a memory discrimination index. Results showed that exposure to false information produced decreased hit rates, increased false alarms, and lowered discrimination values. Group-related thinking generally impaired recognition memory. These results are discussed in the context of prior research and in the context of theories of false memory.
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Hope L, Gabbert F. Memory at the Sharp End: The Costs of Remembering With Others in Forensic Contexts. Top Cogn Sci 2018; 11:609-626. [PMID: 30073777 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In many applied contexts where accurate and reliable information informs operational decision-making, emergency response resource allocation, efficient investigation, judicial process, and, ultimately, the delivery of justice, the costs of unfettered conversational remembering can be high. To date, research has demonstrated that conversations between co-witnesses in the immediate aftermath of witnessed events and co-witness retellings of witnessed events often impair both the quality and quantity of information reported subsequently. Given the largely negative impact of conversational remembering on the recall of both individual witnesses and groups of witnesses in this context, this review explores the reasons why these costs occur, the conditions under which costs are exacerbated, and how, in practical terms, the costs can be reduced in order to maximize the accuracy and completeness of witness accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Gabbert
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London
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Maswood R, Rajaram S. Social Transmission of False Memory in Small Groups and Large Networks. Top Cogn Sci 2018; 11:687-709. [PMID: 29785724 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sharing information and memories is a key feature of social interactions, making social contexts important for developing and transmitting accurate memories and also false memories. False memory transmission can have wide-ranging effects, including shaping personal memories of individuals as well as collective memories of a network of people. This paper reviews a collection of key findings and explanations in cognitive research on the transmission of false memories in small groups. It also reviews the emerging experimental work on larger networks and collective false memories. Given the reconstructive nature of memory, the abundance of misinformation in everyday life, and the variety of social structures in which people interact, an understanding of transmission of false memories has both scientific and societal implications.
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Social influence and mental routes to the production of authentic false memories and inauthentic false memories. Conscious Cogn 2017; 51:34-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Meade ML, McNabb JC, Lindeman MIH, Smith JL. Discounting input from older adults: the role of age salience on partner age effects in the social contagion of memory. Memory 2016; 25:704-716. [PMID: 27424720 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1207783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments examined the impact of partner age on the magnitude of socially suggested false memories. Young participants recalled household scenes in collaboration with an implied young or older adult partner who intentionally recalled false items. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with only the age of their partner (low age-salience context); in Experiment 2, participants were presented with the age of their partner along with a photograph and biographical information about their partner (high age-salience context); in Experiment 3, age salience was varied within the same experiment. Across experiments, participants in both the low age-salience and high age-salience contexts incorporated their partners' misleading suggestions into their own subsequent recall and recognition reports, thus demonstrating social contagion with implied partners. Importantly, the effect of partner age differed across conditions. Participants in the high age-salience context were less likely to incorporate misleading suggestions from older adult partners than from young adult partners, but participants in the low age-salience context were equally likely to incorporate suggestions from young and older adult partners. Participants discount the memory of older adult partners only when age is highly salient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Meade
- a Department of Psychology , Montana State University , Bozeman , MT , USA
| | | | - Meghan I H Lindeman
- c Department of Psychology , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL , USA
| | - Jessi L Smith
- a Department of Psychology , Montana State University , Bozeman , MT , USA
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Szpitalak M, Polak M, Polczyk R, Dukała K. The influence of social, para-social, and nonsocial misleading post-event sources on memory performance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mateusz Polak
- Institute of Psychology; Jagiellonian University; Cracow Poland
| | - Romuald Polczyk
- Institute of Psychology; Jagiellonian University; Cracow Poland
| | - Karolina Dukała
- Institute of Psychology; Jagiellonian University; Cracow Poland
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Correcting socially introduced false memories: The effect of re-study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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