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Wang J, Chen B, Jiang X. Age of acquisition effects in Chinese two-character compound words: a megastudy of eye movements during reading. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:166-175. [PMID: 37438602 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Words learned earlier in life are processed faster than words learned later in life. In Chinese, the age of acquisition (AoA) effect has been extensively studied in one-character words, yet no studies have explored this effect in compound words. Given that compound words are a widespread word type and are processed differently than one-character words, it is unclear how AoA affects compound word processing. The present study examined the role of multiple variables in the processing of Chinese two-character compound words based on a database of eye-movement measures. We focused on the AoA effect from the whole compound word and the first and second characters. We found that whole-word AoA and first-character AoA have an early and long-lasting influence, with no AoA effect from the second character. The results indicated that two-character compound words are accessed via the character and whole word simultaneously. These findings are discussed with respect to theories of the AoA effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Baoguo Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Nemati F, Westbury C, Hollis G, Haghbin H. The Persian Lexicon Project: minimized orthographic neighbourhood effects in a dense language. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2022; 51:957-979. [PMID: 35366147 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-022-09863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years large datasets of lexical processing times have been released for several languages, including English, French, Spanish, and Dutch. Such datasets have enabled us to study, compare, and model the global effects of many psycholinguistic measures such as word frequency, orthographic neighborhood (ON) size, and word length. We have compiled and publicly released a frequency and ON dictionary of 64,546 words and 1800 plausible NWs from a language that has been relatively little studied by psycholinguists: Persian. We have also collected visual lexical decision reaction times for 1800 Persian words and nonwords. Persian offers an interesting psycholinguistic environment for several reasons, including that it has few long words and has resultantly dense orthographic neighborhoods. These characteristics provide us with an opportunity to contrast how these factors affect lexical access by comparing them to several other languages. The results suggest that sensitivity to word length and orthographic neighbourhood may reflect the statistical structure of a particular language, rather than being a universal element of lexical processing. The dictionary and LDRT data are available from https://osf.io/tb4m6/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nemati
- Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Persian Gulf University, 7516913817, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Chris Westbury
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, P217 Biological Sciences Building, T6G 2E9, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Geoff Hollis
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, 3-35 Athabasca Hall, CanadaT6G 2E8, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hossein Haghbin
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Intelligent Systems, Engineering and Data Sciences, Persian Gulf University, 7516913817, Bushehr, Iran
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Momenian M, Lau KYD, Bakhtiar M. Developing psycholinguistic norms for action pictures in Cantonese. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35172653 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2022.2037596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish psycholinguistic norms for 249 action pictures in Cantonese, a language with few norms available. We provide normative data for rated visual complexity, rated age of acquisition, name agreement, word frequency and rated familiarity in this study. Forty participants were recruited to participate in both timed picture naming and rating experiments. The linear mixed effect analysis revealed that familiarity, visual complexity, and name agreement were significant predictors of action naming in Cantonese. However, AoA did not show any significant effect on action naming, which is consistently observed in previous studies of action picture naming in Chinese. The possible explanation for null effect of AoA on naming latency are discussed. This set of psycholinguistic norms in Cantonese could serve as a valuable resource for future psycholinguistic, neurolinguistic and clinical studies in Cantonese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Momenian
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kai-Yan Dustin Lau
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Mehdi Bakhtiar
- Unit of Human Communication, Development, and Information Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Difalcis M, Morello García F, Abusamra V, Ferreres A. Types of acquired dyslexia in Spanish-speaking patients with aphasia. Cogn Neuropsychol 2021; 38:283-301. [PMID: 34668460 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2021.1989394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The different types of acquired dyslexia described by cognitive neuropsychology have been observed in single-case and case series studies in different languages. However, no multipatient study of Spanish-speaking individuals has been reported that uses the same criteria and tasks to identify each participant's acquired dyslexia pattern. In this study, we analyzed participants' performance in three tasks (oral reading of words and nonwords, visual lexical decision with pseudohomophones, and written homophone comprehension) among 16 Spanish-speaking patients with aphasia. We identified 9 patients with acquired phonological dyslexia, 3 with acquired surface dyslexia, and 4 with acquired mixed dyslexia. The results of this research provide more information about the relative frequency of each type of acquired dyslexia in Spanish, which could be used to help design more appropriate treatments for rehabilitation. Identifying which processes have been impaired and which have been preserved will allow professionals to plan more specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Difalcis
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florentina Morello García
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Abusamra
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental (CIIPME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldo Ferreres
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Unidad de Neuropsicología, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "Eva Perón", Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bakhtiar M, Mokhlesin M, Pattamadilok C, Politzer-Ahles S, Zhang C. The Effect of Orthographic Transparency on Auditory Word Recognition Across the Development of Reading Proficiency. Front Psychol 2021; 12:691989. [PMID: 34385960 PMCID: PMC8353368 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A question under debate in psycholinguistics is the nature of the relationship between spoken and written languages. Although it has been extensively shown that orthographic transparency, which varies across writing systems, strongly affects reading performance, its role in speech processing is much less investigated. The present study addressed this issue in Persian, whose writing system provides a possibility to assess the impact of orthographic transparency on spoken word recognition in young children at different stages of reading acquisition. In Persian, the long vowels are systematically present in the script, whereas the spelling correspondence of short vowels is progressively omitted from the script in the course of reading acquisition, thus, turning transparent into opaque spelling. Based on this unique characteristic, we tested 144 monolingual Persian-speaking nonreaders (i.e., preschoolers) and readers (second graders to fifth graders and young adults) in an auditory lexical decision task using transparent and opaque words. Overall, the results showed that, in accordance with the fact that the diacritics of short vowels are progressively omitted during the second year of schooling, the stimuli containing short vowels (opaque words) were recognized more slowly than transparent ones in third graders. Interestingly, there is a hint that the emergence of the transparency effect in the third graders was associated with an overall slower recognition speed in this group compared to their younger peers. These findings indicate that learning opaque spelling-sound correspondence might not only generate interference between the two language codes but also induce a general processing cost in the entire spoken language system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bakhtiar
- Unit of Human Communication, Development, and Information Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maryam Mokhlesin
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Stephen Politzer-Ahles
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Caicai Zhang
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Hassanati F, Ghoreishi ZS, Nilipour R, Pourshahbaz A, Momenian M. Lexical Access in Persian Speaking Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:659-667. [PMID: 33643559 PMCID: PMC7878056 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Word retrieval problems are among the limitations observed in children with specific language impairment during the initial schooling years. These restrictions are predictive of reading problems and poor performance at school. Additionally, studies on lexical access in Persian speaking children are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare naming accuracy and latency in children with and without specific language impairment. METHODS Twenty 7-9-year-old children with specific language impairment and 20 age-matched peers were recruited as the study participants. They were requested to name the 128 black and white line-drawing pictures from a Persian picture naming set for children, as rapidly as possible. We compared the effects of psycholinguistic variables on naming latency in the explored children with and without specific language impairment. RESULTS Linear mixed-effects modeling presented an interaction between the research groups and the psycholinguistic variables. Significant main effects were found for name agreement (P≤0.00) and the age of acquisition (P=0.05) in children with typical language development; significant effects for name agreement (P≤0.00) and log frequency (P≤0.00) were revealed in children with specific language impairment. CONCLUSION The obtained models indicated that psycholinguistic factors could differently affect the naming latency in children with and without specific language impairment. Factors that may have accounted for the findings are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hassanati
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Ghoreishi
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Nilipour
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Pourshahbaz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Momenian
- Laboratory for Communication Science, Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
This paper introduces a novel collection of word embeddings, numerical representations of lexical semantics, in 55 languages, trained on a large corpus of pseudo-conversational speech transcriptions from television shows and movies. The embeddings were trained on the OpenSubtitles corpus using the fastText implementation of the skipgram algorithm. Performance comparable with (and in some cases exceeding) embeddings trained on non-conversational (Wikipedia) text is reported on standard benchmark evaluation datasets. A novel evaluation method of particular relevance to psycholinguists is also introduced: prediction of experimental lexical norms in multiple languages. The models, as well as code for reproducing the models and all analyses reported in this paper (implemented as a user-friendly Python package), are freely available at: https://github.com/jvparidon/subs2vec.
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Gulf Arabic nouns and verbs: A standardized set of 319 object pictures and 141 action pictures, with predictors of naming latencies. Behav Res Methods 2018; 50:2408-2425. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-018-1019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bakhtiar M, Jafary R, Weekes BS. Aphasia in Persian: Implications for cognitive models of lexical processing. J Neuropsychol 2016; 11:414-435. [PMID: 26762893 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current models of oral reading assume that different routes (sublexical, lexical, and semantic) mediate oral reading performance and reliance on different routes during oral reading depends on the characteristics of print to sound mappings. Studies of single cases of acquired dyslexia in aphasia have contributed to the development of such models by revealing patterns of double dissociation in object naming and oral reading skill that follow brain damage in Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan languages. Print to sound mapping in Persian varies in transparency because orthography to phonology translation depends uniquely on the presence or absence of vowel letters in print. Here a hypothesis is tested that oral reading in Persian requires a semantic reading pathway that is independent of a direct non-semantic reading pathway, by investigating whether Persian speakers with aphasia show selective impairments to object naming and reading aloud. A sample of 21 Persian speakers with aphasia ranging in age from 18 to 77 (mean = 53, SD = 16.9) was asked to name a same set of 200 objects and to read aloud the printed names of these objects in different sessions. As an additional measure of sublexical reading, patients were asked to read aloud 30 non-word stimuli. Results showed that oral reading is significantly more preserved than object naming in Persian speakers with aphasia. However, more preserved object naming than oral reading was also observed in some cases. There was a moderate positive correlation between picture naming and oral reading success (p < .05). Mixed-effects logistic regression revealed that word frequency, age of acquisition and imageability predict success across both tasks and there is an interaction between these variables and orthographic transparency in oral reading. Furthermore, opaque words were read less accurately than transparent words. The results reveal different patterns of acquired dyslexia in some cases that closely resemble phonological, deep, and surface dyslexia in other scripts - reported here in Persian for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bakhtiar
- Laboratory for Communication Science, Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Reyhane Jafary
- Speech Therapy Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brendan S Weekes
- Laboratory for Communication Science, Division of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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