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Abstract
ABSTRACT This was a pilot study of novice and expert nurses participating in a simulation to determine the predictors of clinical judgment. Covariates included age, nursing experience, simulation experience, and six measures of pupil dilation as a measure of stress with scores on the Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric as the dependent variable. A stepwise linear regression found years of RN experience was the only predictor of better clinical judgment. Despite evidence of stress, only years as a nurse was a statistically significant predictor.
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Richter J, Wehrle A, Scheiter K. How the poor get richer: Signaling guides attention and fosters learning from text‐graph combinations for students with low, but not high prior knowledge. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Richter
- Multiple Representations Lab Leibniz‐Institut für Wissensmedien Tübingen Germany
| | - Amelie Wehrle
- Department of Psychology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Katharina Scheiter
- Multiple Representations Lab Leibniz‐Institut für Wissensmedien Tübingen Germany
- Department of Psychology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
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Abstract
Continuously tracking cognitive demands via pupil dilation is a desirable goal for the monitoring and investigation of cognitive performance in applied settings where the exact time point of mental engagement in a task is often unknown. Yet, hitherto no experimentally validated algorithm exists for continuously estimating cognitive demands based on pupil size. Here, we evaluated the performance of a continuously operating algorithm that is agnostic of the onset of the stimuli and derives them by way of retrospectively modeling attentional pulses (i.e., onsets of processing). We compared the performance of this algorithm to a standard analysis of stimulus-locked pupil data. The pupil data were obtained while participants performed visual search (VS) and visual working memory (VWM) tasks with varying cognitive demands. In Experiment 1, VS was performed during the retention interval of the VWM task to assess interactive effects between search and memory load on pupil dilation. In Experiment 2, the tasks were performed separately. The results of the stimulus-locked pupil data demonstrated reliable increases in pupil dilation due to high VWM load. VS difficulty only affected pupil dilation when simultaneous memory demands were low. In the single task condition, increased VS difficulty resulted in increased pupil dilation. Importantly, online modeling of pupil responses was successful on three points. First, there was good correspondence between the modeled and stimulus locked pupil dilations. Second, stimulus onsets could be approximated from the derived attentional pulses to a reasonable extent. Third, cognitive demands could be classified above chance level from the modeled pupil traces in both tasks.
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Castner N, Appel T, Eder T, Richter J, Scheiter K, Keutel C, Hüttig F, Duchowski A, Kasneci E. Pupil diameter differentiates expertise in dental radiography visual search. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223941. [PMID: 32469952 PMCID: PMC7259659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Expert behavior is characterized by rapid information processing abilities, dependent on more structured schemata in long-term memory designated for their domain-specific tasks. From this understanding, expertise can effectively reduce cognitive load on a domain-specific task. However, certain tasks could still evoke different gradations of load even for an expert, e.g., when having to detect subtle anomalies in dental radiographs. Our aim was to measure pupil diameter response to anomalies of varying levels of difficulty in expert and student dentists’ visual examination of panoramic radiographs. We found that students’ pupil diameter dilated significantly from baseline compared to experts, but anomaly difficulty had no effect on pupillary response. In contrast, experts’ pupil diameter responded to varying levels of anomaly difficulty, where more difficult anomalies evoked greater pupil dilation from baseline. Experts thus showed proportional pupillary response indicative of increasing cognitive load with increasingly difficult anomalies, whereas students showed pupillary response indicative of higher cognitive load for all anomalies when compared to experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Castner
- Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Computer Science, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tobias Appel
- Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Computer Science, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thérése Eder
- Multiple Representations Lab, Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Richter
- Multiple Representations Lab, Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Scheiter
- Multiple Representations Lab, Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
- University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Keutel
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Radiology, University Clinic for Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Hüttig
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Clinic for Dentistry, Oral Medicine, and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Duchowski
- Visual Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Enkelejda Kasneci
- Human-Computer Interaction, Institute of Computer Science, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Cabrera-Mino C, Shinnick MA, Moye S. Task-Evoked Pupillary Responses in Nursing Simulation as an Indicator of Stress and Cognitive Load. Clin Simul Nurs 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecns.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kahya M, Moon S, Lyons KE, Pahwa R, Akinwuntan AE, Devos H. Pupillary Response to Cognitive Demand in Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:90. [PMID: 29692720 PMCID: PMC5902496 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that pupillary response, a physiological measure of cognitive workload, reflects cognitive demand in healthy younger and older adults. However, the relationship between cognitive workload and cognitive demand in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the pupillary response to cognitive demand in a letter-number sequencing (LNS) task between 16 non-demented individuals with PD (age, median (Q1-Q3): 68 (62-72); 10 males) and 10 control participants (age: 63 (59-67); 2 males), matched for age, education, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) scores. A mixed model analysis was employed to investigate cognitive workload changes as a result of incremental cognitive demand for both groups. As expected, no differences were found in cognitive scores on the LNS between groups. Cognitive workload, exemplified by greater pupil dilation, increased with incremental cognitive demand in both groups (p = 0.003). No significant between-group (p = 0.23) or interaction effects were found (p = 0.45). In addition, individuals who achieved to complete the task at higher letter-number (LN) load responded differently to increased cognitive demand compared with those who completed at lower LN load (p < 0.001), regardless of disease status. Overall, the findings indicated that pupillary response reflects incremental cognitive demand in non-demented people with PD and healthy controls. Further research is needed to investigate the pupillary response to incremental cognitive demand of PD patients with dementia compared to non-demented PD and healthy controls. Highlights -Pupillary response reflects cognitive demand in both non-demented people with PD and healthy controls-Although not significant due to insufficient power, non-demented individuals with PD had increased cognitive workload compared to the healthy controls throughout the testing-Pupillary response may be a valid measure of cognitive demand in non-demented individuals with PD-In future, pupillary response might be used to detect cognitive impairment in individuals with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Kahya
- Laboratory for Advanced Rehabilitation Research in Simulation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Sanghee Moon
- Laboratory for Advanced Rehabilitation Research in Simulation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Kelly E Lyons
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rajesh Pahwa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Abiodun E Akinwuntan
- Laboratory for Advanced Rehabilitation Research in Simulation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Office of the Dean, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hannes Devos
- Laboratory for Advanced Rehabilitation Research in Simulation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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Wahn B, Ferris DP, Hairston WD, König P. Pupil Sizes Scale with Attentional Load and Task Experience in a Multiple Object Tracking Task. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168087. [PMID: 27977762 PMCID: PMC5157994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have related changes in attentional load to pupil size modulations. However, studies relating changes in attentional load and task experience on a finer scale to pupil size modulations are scarce. Here, we investigated how these changes affect pupil sizes. To manipulate attentional load, participants covertly tracked between zero and five objects among several randomly moving objects on a computer screen. To investigate effects of task experience, the experiment was conducted on three consecutive days. We found that pupil sizes increased with each increment in attentional load. Across days, we found systematic pupil size reductions. We compared the model fit for predicting pupil size modulations using attentional load, task experience, and task performance as predictors. We found that a model which included attentional load and task experience as predictors had the best model fit while adding performance as a predictor to this model reduced the overall model fit. Overall, results suggest that pupillometry provides a viable metric for precisely assessing attentional load and task experience in visuospatial tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Wahn
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel P. Ferris
- Human Neuromechanics Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan – Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - W. David Hairston
- Human Research and Engineering Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, United States of America
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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