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Working Memory Phenotypes in Early Multiple Sclerosis: Appraisal of Phenotype Frequency, Progression and Test Sensitivity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102936. [PMID: 35629061 PMCID: PMC9148093 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) impairments are common and debilitating symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), often emerging early in the disease. Predominantly, WM impairments are considered in a binary manner, with patients considered either impaired or not based on a single test. However, WM is comprised of different activated subcomponents depending upon the type of information (auditory, visual) and integration requirements. As such, unique WM impairment phenotypes occur. We aimed to determine the most frequent WM phenotypes in early MS, how they progress and which WM test(s) provide the best measure of WM impairment. A total of 88 participants (63 early relapsing–remitting MS: RRMS, 25 healthy controls) completed five WM tests (visual–spatial, auditory, episodic, executive) as well as the symbol digit modalities test as a measure of processing speed. RRMS patients were followed-up for two years. Factors affecting WM (age/gender/intelligence/mood) and MS factors (disease duration/disability) were also evaluated. Some 61.9% of RRMS patients were impaired on at least one WM subcomponent. The most subcomponents impaired were visual,–spatial and auditory WM. The most common WM phenotypes were; (1) visual–spatial sketchpad + episodic buffer + phonological loop + central executive, (2) visual–spatial sketchpad + central executive. The test of visual–spatial WM provided the best diagnostic accuracy for detecting WM impairment and progression. The SDMT did not achieve diagnostic accuracy greater than chance. Although this may be unsurprising, given that the SDMT is a measure of cognitive processing speed in MS, this does highlight the limitation of the SDMT as a general screening tool for cognitive impairment in early MS.
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Moon SJ, Park CH, Jung SI, Yu JW, Son EC, Lee HN, Jeong H, Jang S, Park E, Jung TD. Effects of an Eye-Tracking Linkage Attention Training System on Cognitive Function Compared to Conventional Computerized Cognitive Training System in Patients with Stroke. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030456. [PMID: 35326934 PMCID: PMC8953431 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of an eye-tracking linkage attention training system on cognitive function compared to a conventional computerized cognitive training system in stroke patients with cognitive impairment. Methods: This retrospective study was enrolled 40 stroke patients who received cognitive rehabilitation. The intervention consisted of 30 sessions and 30 min per session. Before and after the intervention, we assessed cognitive functions by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) and activities of daily living by Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) and administered a computerized neuropsychological test (CNT). Results: In both groups, there were significant improvements in MMSE-K and K-MBI (p < 0.05). In the visual and auditory attention test of the CNT, the eye-tracking linkage attention training group was significantly improved after intervention (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the conventional computerized cognitive training group. In addition, there were significant improvements in all memory tests of the CNT in the eye-tracking linkage attention training group. However, in the conventional computerized cognitive training group, there were significant improvements in some memory tests of the CNT. Conclusions: The training of poststroke cognitive impairment patients using an eye-tracking linkage attention training system may improve visuospatial attention and may be helpful for the improvement of short-term memory and independent performances in daily life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jun Moon
- Unit of Rehabilitation Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.-J.M.); (S.I.J.); (J.-W.Y.); (E.-C.S.); (H.N.L.); (H.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Chan-Hee Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Sang In Jung
- Unit of Rehabilitation Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.-J.M.); (S.I.J.); (J.-W.Y.); (E.-C.S.); (H.N.L.); (H.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Ja-Won Yu
- Unit of Rehabilitation Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.-J.M.); (S.I.J.); (J.-W.Y.); (E.-C.S.); (H.N.L.); (H.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Eun-Chul Son
- Unit of Rehabilitation Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.-J.M.); (S.I.J.); (J.-W.Y.); (E.-C.S.); (H.N.L.); (H.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Hye Na Lee
- Unit of Rehabilitation Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.-J.M.); (S.I.J.); (J.-W.Y.); (E.-C.S.); (H.N.L.); (H.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Hyeonggi Jeong
- Unit of Rehabilitation Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.-J.M.); (S.I.J.); (J.-W.Y.); (E.-C.S.); (H.N.L.); (H.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Sueun Jang
- Unit of Rehabilitation Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea; (S.-J.M.); (S.I.J.); (J.-W.Y.); (E.-C.S.); (H.N.L.); (H.J.); (S.J.)
| | - Eunhee Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (T.-D.J.); Tel.: +82-53-200-3265 (E.P.); +82-53-200-2167 (T.-D.J.)
| | - Tae-Du Jung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: (E.P.); (T.-D.J.); Tel.: +82-53-200-3265 (E.P.); +82-53-200-2167 (T.-D.J.)
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Wahlqvist ML, Lee MS, Lee JT, Hsu CC, Chou YC, Fang WH, Liu HY, Xiu L, Andrews ZB. Cinnamon users with prediabetes have a better fasting working memory: a cross-sectional function study. Nutr Res 2015; 36:305-310. [PMID: 27001275 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is impaired in prediabetes. We hypothesized that culinary herbs and spices may decrease insulin resistance (IR) and improve WM in prediabetes. Healthy people aged ≥60 years with prediabetes (fasting blood glucose 100-125 mg/dL) (47 men and 46 women) whose food and culinary herb intakes were established with a food frequency questionnaire had body composition assessed and fasting glucose and insulin measured. Working memory and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were assessed on the same occasion. The contributions to associations between WM and diet, body fat, and IR were estimated by linear regression. Compared with nonusers, cinnamon users had significantly less frequent physical activity (2.9 vs. 4.4 times per week) and more often used fresh ginger (93.3% vs. 64.1%) and ginger in cooking (60.0% vs. 32.1%). Cinnamon users also had a better WM (2.9 vs. 2.5, P < .001). Cinnamon had a significant effect (users were 0.446 higher), but not ginger or curry usage, in predicting WM. For sociodemographic variables, only education (years) was significant in predicting WM (β = 0.065). Other significant determinants of WM were total fat mass (kilograms) (β = -0.024) and MMSE (β = 0.075). After adjustment for age and sex, cinnamon use, education, and MMSE remained significant individual predictors. In the final model, in which all variables listed were adjusted simultaneously, cinnamon users still had a significantly higher WM than nonusers. Cinnamon usage is associated with a better WM, not accounted for by dietary quality or IR, in untreated prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Wahlqvist
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC; Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Fuli institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Meei-Shyuan Lee
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiunn-Tay Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Hui Fang
- Department of Family Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Yu Liu
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lili Xiu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Clough M, Mitchell L, Millist L, Lizak N, Beh S, Frohman TC, Frohman EM, White OB, Fielding J. Ocular motor measures of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis II: working memory. J Neurol 2015; 262:1138-47. [PMID: 25851742 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our companion paper documents pervasive inhibitory deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) using ocular motor (OM) measures. Here we investigated the utility of an OM working memory (WMem) task in characterising WMem deficits in these patients as a function of disease status and disease duration. 22 patients with CIS, 22 early clinically definite MS patients (CDMS: <7 years of diagnosis), 22 late CDMS patients (>7 years from diagnosis), and 22 healthy controls participated. All participants completed the ocular motor WMem task, the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT), and the symbol digit modalities test (SDMT). Clinical disability was characterised in CDMS patients using the Expanded Disability Severity Scale (EDSS). WMem performance was measured as proportion of errors (WMem errors), saccade latency, and relative sensitivity to WMem loading (WMem effect), an indicator of WMem capacity. All patient groups performed more WMem errors than controls with proportion of WMem errors, and degree of WMem effect increasing with increasing disease duration. A larger WMem effect, reflecting poorer WMem capacity, corresponded to poorer performance on neuropsychological measures, and a higher disability score for CDMS patients with the longest disease duration; an observation that suggests wider implication of WMem executive processes with advancing disease. Conspicuously, performance decrements on standard neuropsychological testing did not similarly increase commensurate with disease duration. The ocular motor WMem task appears to meaningfully dissociate WMem deficit from healthy individuals as well as a function of increasing disease duration. Potentially, this task represents a highly informative and objective method by which to ascertain progressive WMem changes from the earliest inception of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Clough
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
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Jeter CB, Patel SS, Morris JS, Chuang AZ, Butler IJ, Sereno AB. Oculomotor executive function abnormalities with increased tic severity in Tourette syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:193-202. [PMID: 25040172 PMCID: PMC4803434 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports conflict as to whether Tourette syndrome (TS) confers deficits in executive function. This study's aim was to evaluate executive function in youths with TS using oculomotor tasks while controlling for confounds of tic severity, age, medication, and severity of comorbid disorders. METHOD Four saccade tasks requiring the executive functions of response generation, response inhibition, and working memory (prosaccade, antisaccade, 0-back, and 1-back) were administered. Twenty youths with TS and low tic severity (TS-low), nineteen with TS and moderate tic severity (TS-moderate), and 29 typically developing control subjects (Controls) completed the oculomotor tasks. RESULTS There were small differences across groups in the prosaccade task. Controlling for any small sensorimotor differences, TS-moderate subjects had significantly higher error rates than Controls and TS-low subjects in the 0-back and 1-back tasks. In the 1-back task, these patients also took longer to respond than Controls or TS-low subjects. CONCLUSIONS In a highly controlled design, the findings demonstrate for the first time that increased tic severity in TS is associated with impaired response inhibition and impaired working memory and that these executive function deficits cannot be accounted for by differences in age, medication or comorbid symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron B. Jeter
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston; Houston, TX, USA
| | - Saumil S. Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX,USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alice Z. Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ian J. Butler
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne B. Sereno
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Shelton AL, Cornish KM, Godler DE, Clough M, Kraan C, Bui M, Fielding J. Delineation of the working memory profile in female FMR1 premutation carriers: the effect of cognitive load on ocular motor responses. Behav Brain Res 2015; 282:194-200. [PMID: 25591477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation carriers (PM-carriers) are characterised as having mid-sized expansions of between 55 and 200 CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene. While there is evidence of executive dysfunction in PM-carriers, few studies have explicitly explored working memory capabilities in female PM-carriers. 14 female PM-carriers and 13 age- and IQ-matched healthy controls completed an ocular motor n-back working memory paradigm. This task examined working memory ability and the effect of measured increases in cognitive load. Female PM-carriers were found to have attenuated working memory capabilities. Increasing the cognitive load did not elicit the expected reciprocal increase in the task errors for female PM-carriers, as it did in controls. However female PM-carriers took longer to respond than controls, regardless of the cognitive load. Further, FMR1 mRNA levels were found to significantly predict PM-carrier response time. Although preliminary, these findings provide further evidence of executive dysfunction, specifically disruption to working memory processes, which were found to be associated with increases in FMR1 mRNA expression in female PM-carriers. With future validation, ocular motor paradigms such as the n-back paradigm will be critical to the development of behavioural biomarkers for identification of PM-carrier cognitive-affective phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L Shelton
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim M Cornish
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David E Godler
- Cyto-molecular Diagnostic Research Laboratory, Victorian Clinical Genetics Services and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Meaghan Clough
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudine Kraan
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Minh Bui
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Fielding
- School of Psychological Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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