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Li W, Li J, Fu S. Effects of Starve and Shelter Availability on the Group Behavior of Two Freshwater Fish Species ( Chindongo demasoni and Spinibarbus sinensis). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2429. [PMID: 39199962 PMCID: PMC11350876 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
In complex environments, fish often suffer from reduced physiological functioning due to starvation, which may have a significant effect on their behavioral adaptive strategies to predator attacks. We selected qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis, which prefers flowing water habitats) and demasone cichlid (Chindongo demasoni, which prefers still water habitats), to investigate the differences in group distribution and dynamics between the two species when faced with a simulated predation attack under different trophic states (fasted for 2 weeks or fed). We chose to conduct our experiments in a six-arm maze that included a central area and six arms of equal length and width and to obtain evidence of how the fish used the various areas of the maze to respond to simulated predation attacks. We found that the two fish species differed in their responses to simulated predation attacks under different trophic states. The group structure of the two species was relatively stable, and the effect of fasting on the qingbo group was not significant, whereas the demasone cichlid group was more susceptible to the effects of fasting, shelter and a simulated predation attack. In an environment with shelter, both species had the same anti-predator strategy and tended to enter the shelter arm to hide after encountering a simulated predation attack. However, differences in the anti-predator strategies of the two species emerged in the no-shelter environment, with the qingbo tending to enter the arm to hide, whereas the demasone cichlid group chose to enter the central area to congregate, and this phenomenon was more pronounced in the fasted group. In conclusion, our research shows that even group-stable fish may shift their anti-predation strategies (i.e., entering a shelter to hide shifts to aggregating in situ into a shoal) when starved and that the worse the swimming ability of the fish, the more affected they are by starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shijian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
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Qin M, Gao Y, Guo S, Lu X, Zhao Q, Ge Z, Zhu H, Li Y. Establishment and evaluation of animal models of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. World J Emerg Med 2023; 14:349-353. [PMID: 37908801 PMCID: PMC10613796 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2023.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a critical disease caused by sepsis. In addition to high mortality, SAE can also adversely affect life quality and lead to significant socioeconomic costs. This review aims to explore the development of evaluation animal models of SAE, giving insight into the direction of future research in terms of its pathophysiology and therapy. METHODS We performed a literature search from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2022, in MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science using related keywords. Two independent researchers screened all the accessible articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and collected the relevant data of the studies. RESULTS The animal models for sepsis are commonly induced through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. SAE can be evaluated using nervous reflex scores and sepsis evaluation during the acute phase, or through Morris water maze (MWM), open-field test, fear condition (FC) test, inhibitory avoidance, and other tests during the late phase. CONCLUSION CLP and LPS injection are the most common methods for establishing SAE animal models. Nervous reflexs cores, MWM, FC test, and inhibitory avoidance are widely used in SAE model analysis. Future research should focus on establishing a standardized system for SAE development and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubing Qin
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Emergency Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shigong Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Xin Lu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Health Service Department of the Guard Bureau of the Joint Staff Department, Beijing 100017, China
| | - Zengzheng Ge
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huadong Zhu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yi Li
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Long J, Fu S. Spatial Learning of Individual Cichlid Fish and Its Effect on Group Decision Making. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1318. [PMID: 35625164 PMCID: PMC9137809 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory abilities and their roles in group decision-making have important ecological relevance in routine activities such as foraging and anti-predator behaviors in fish species. The aims of the present study were to explore individual spatial learning abilities of juvenile cichlids (Chindongo demasoni) in a foraging context, and to explore the influence of heterogeneity of memory information among group members on group performance in a six-arm radiation maze. In the context of an association between landmarks and food, learning ability was evaluated by the speed and accuracy of reaching the arm with food during seven days of reinforcement, and memory retention was tested at intervals of 2, 5, 8 and 11 days of detraining. Then, the speed and accuracy of an eight-member group with different proportions of memory-trained fish were measured. Both speed and accuracy of individual fish improved significantly and linearly in the first five days of training and leveled off between five and seven days, with values 60% shorter (in speed) and 50% higher (in accuracy) compared to those of the first day. Neither speed nor accuracy showed any decrease after 11 days of detraining, suggesting memory retention of the spatial task. When measured in a group, the speed and accuracy of the majority of the group (more than half) in reaching the arm with food changed linearly with an increasing ratio of trained members. This shows that cichlids can acquire associative learning information through a training process, and group behavior of cichlids seems not likely be determined by a minority of group members under a foraging context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shijian Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China;
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Neuroprotective Effect of Clobenpropit against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cognitive Deficits via Attenuating Neuroinflammation and Enhancing Mitochondrial Functions in Mice. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121617. [PMID: 34942919 PMCID: PMC8699680 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clobenpropit (CLO), an antagonist on histamine H3 receptors (HH3R), has been shown to protect NMDA-induced neuronal necrosis in cortical neuronal cell culture from rats. In this work, we explored its potential on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced memory deficits, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice. CLO (1 and 3 mg/kg, p.o.) was treated continually for 30 days, and neurotoxicity was induced by four doses of LPS (250 µg/kg, i.p.). The radial arm maze (RAM) was used to access memory behaviors. After the REM test, brain tissue was collected from each mouse to estimate pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL6), anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1 and IL-10), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX 2), and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex (MRCC- I, II and IV) enzymes. CLO treatment reversed the LPS-induced behavioral deficits by a significant reduction in time taken to consume all five bites (TTB), working memory error (WME), and reference memory error (REM) in the REM test. Regarding neuroinflammation, it attenuated the release of COX, TNF-α, and IL-6, and augmented TGF-β1 and IL-10 levels in the brain. Reversal of LPS-induced brain MRCC (I, II, and IV) levels also resulted with CLO treatment. From these findings, CLO promises neuroprotection against LPS-induced cognitive deficits by ameliorating neuroinflammation and restoring the MRCC enzymes in mice.
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Zheng YH, Fu SJ. Effects of fasting on collective movement and fission-fusion dynamics in both homogeneous and heterogeneous shoals of a group-living cyprinid fish species. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1640-1649. [PMID: 34386987 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to reveal the effect of fasting (21 days) on collective movement and interaction dynamics in both homogeneous (eight members fed a commercial diet or deprived of food) and heterogeneous (four fed + four starved members) shoals of juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis). The authors of this study measured the shoaling behaviour in both a commonly used rectangular open arena with no spatial complexity and a radial arm maze. When measured in the open arena, the starved shoals had a faster swimming speed and acceleration rate and a longer interindividual distance than the fed shoals, possibly because of the elevated foraging motivation. Nonetheless, the values of the heterogeneous groups were similar to those of the fed groups. Furthermore, in contrast to the fish in homogeneous shoals, the starved fish in heterogeneous shoals showed a slower acceleration rate and speed than fed members in heterogeneous shoals. These results, combined with the relationships of variables at the among- and within-shoal levels, suggested that starved fish limited their motion in heterogeneous shoals to maintain group cohesion but that the fed fish contributed more to maintaining shoal structure, possibly because of the higher energy expenditure required for movement changes. When monitored in a radial arm maze, starved shoals showed more fission-fusion episodes without sacrificing group cohesion, as they adaptively adjusted the frequency and duration of each majority choice. The among-shoal variation revealed that the heterogeneous groups showed less variation in the open arena but more variation in the radius maze than did the homogeneous groups. This difference might arise because dominant members have opposite effects on shoal behaviour and consensus decisions. In conclusion, the present study showed opposite effects of feeding states on collective behaviour between homogeneous and heterogeneous shoals, possibly because of the complicated interactions among members with different energy storage levels and foraging motivations. Furthermore, the heterogeneous groups showed a difference between shoal behaviour in the open area and exploration in the radial arm maze. Future studies manipulating the personality composition of starved and fed members of heterogeneous groups might yield interesting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Zheng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Hunt RD, Ashbaugh RC, Reimers M, Udpa L, Saldana De Jimenez G, Moore M, Gilad AA, Pelled G. Swimming direction of the glass catfish is responsive to magnetic stimulation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248141. [PMID: 33667278 PMCID: PMC7935302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several marine species have developed a magnetic perception that is essential for navigation and detection of prey and predators. One of these species is the transparent glass catfish that contains an ampullary organ dedicated to sense magnetic fields. Here we examine the behavior of the glass catfish in response to static magnetic fields which will provide valuable insight on function of this magnetic response. By utilizing state of the art animal tracking software and artificial intelligence approaches, we quantified the effects of magnetic fields on the swimming direction of glass catfish. The results demonstrate that glass catfish placed in a radial arm maze, consistently swim away from magnetic fields over 20 μT and show adaptability to changing magnetic field direction and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Neuroengineering Division, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Ashbaugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Neuroengineering Division, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mark Reimers
- Neuroengineering Division, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lalita Udpa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Saldana De Jimenez
- Neuroengineering Division, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Moore
- Neuroengineering Division, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Assaf A. Gilad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Synthetic Biology Division, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Galit Pelled
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Neuroengineering Division, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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