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Sui L, Dirix N, Woumans E, Duyck W. GECO-CN: Ghent Eye-tracking COrpus of sentence reading for Chinese-English bilinguals. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:2743-2763. [PMID: 35896891 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current work presents the very first eye-tracking corpus of natural reading by Chinese-English bilinguals, whose two languages entail different writing systems and orthographies. Participants read an entire novel in these two languages, presented in paragraphs on screen. Half of the participants first read half of the novel in their native language (Simplified Chinese) and then the rest of the novel in their second language (English), while the other half read in the reverse language order. This article presents some important basic descriptive statistics of reading times and compares the difference between reading in the two languages. However, this unique eye-tracking corpus also allows the exploration of theories of language processing and bilingualism. Importantly, it provides a solid and reliable ground for studying the difference between Eastern and Western languages, understanding the impact and consequences of having a completely different first language on bilingual processing. The materials are freely available for use by researchers interested in (bilingual) reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiao Sui
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Dirix
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evy Woumans
- Department of Translation, Interpreting and Communication, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Duyck
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- The Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (NVAO), Den Haag, Netherlands
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2
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The database of eye-movement measures on words in Chinese reading. Sci Data 2022; 9:411. [PMID: 35840575 PMCID: PMC9287311 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye movements are one of the most fundamental behaviors during reading. A growing number of Chinese reading studies have used eye-tracking techniques in the last two decades. The accumulated data provide a rich resource that can reflect the complex cognitive mechanisms underlying Chinese reading. This article reports a database of eye-movement measures of words during Chinese sentence reading. The database contains nine eye-movement measures of 8,551 Chinese words obtained from 1,718 participants across 57 Chinese sentence reading experiments. All data were collected in the same experimental environment and from homogenous participants, using the same protocols and parameters. This database enables researchers to test their theoretical or computational hypotheses concerning Chinese reading efficiently using a large number of words. The database can also indicate the processing difficulty of Chinese words during text reading, thus providing a way to control or manipulate the difficulty level of Chinese texts.
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3
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Cirino PT, Barnes MA, Roberts G, Miciak J, Gioia A. Visual attention and reading: A test of their relation across paradigms. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 214:105289. [PMID: 34653633 PMCID: PMC8608740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Relations of visual attention to reading have long been hypothesized; however, findings in this literature are quite mixed. These relations have been investigated using several different visual attention paradigms and with variable controls for other competing reading-related processes. We extended current knowledge by evaluating four of the key visual attention paradigms used in this research-visual attention span, attention blink, visual search, and visuospatial attention-in a single study. We tested the relations of these to reading in 90 middle schoolers at high risk for reading difficulties while considering their effect in the context of known language predictors. Performance on visual-spatial, visual search, and attentional blink paradigms showed weak nonsignificant relations to reading. Visual attention span tasks showed robust relations to reading even when controlling for language, but only when stimuli were alphanumeric. Although further exploration of visual attention in relation to reading may be warranted, the robustness of this relationship appears to be questionable, particularly beyond methodological factors associated with the measurement of visual attention. Findings extend and refine our understanding of the contribution of attention to reading skill and raise questions about the mechanism by which visual attention is purported to affect reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Cirino
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Marcia A Barnes
- Department of Special Education, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Greg Roberts
- Meadows Center for Preventing Educational Risk, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeremy Miciak
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Anthony Gioia
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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4
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Vandendaele A, Grainger J. Now you see it, now you don't: Flanker presence induces the word concreteness effect. Cognition 2021; 218:104945. [PMID: 34740083 PMCID: PMC8655615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Can the presence of unrelated flanker words change the way that lexical decisions are made to target words in the flankers task? Here we examined the impact of flanker presence on the effects of word concreteness. Target words had high or low concreteness ratings (e.g., fork, free) and were either presented in isolation or flanked to the left and right by an unrelated word (e.g., cold free cold) that was irrelevant for the task. Results revealed that the facilitatory effect of concreteness (faster responses to concrete words compared with abstract words) was significantly greater in the presence of flankers. A control experiment revealed the same pattern with pseudoword and nonword flankers. We conclude that the mere presence of flanking letter strings causes a greater depth of processing of target words. We further speculate that this might arise by flankers inducing a more “sentence-like” context by the presence of multiple, spatially distinct letter strings, that prohibits the use of more superficial decision processes and can be used to make lexical decisions to isolated words.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Grainger
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS & Aix-Marseille University, France; Institute for Language, Communication and the Brain, Aix-Marseille University, France
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5
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Woumans E, Clauws R, Duyck W. Hands Down: Cognate Effects Persist During Written Word Production. Front Psychol 2021; 12:647362. [PMID: 34290644 PMCID: PMC8287723 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Words that share form and meaning across two or more languages (i.e., cognates) are generally processed faster than control words (non-cognates) by bilinguals speaking these languages. This so-called cognate effect is considered to be a demonstration of language non-selectivity during bilingual lexical access. Still, research up till now has focused mainly on visual and auditory comprehension. For production, research is almost exclusively limited to speech, leaving written production out of the equation. Hence, the goal of the current study was to examine whether bilinguals activate representations from both languages during typewriting. Dutch-English bilinguals completed second-language written sentences with names of displayed pictures. Low-constraint sentences yielded a cognate facilitation effect, whereas high-constraint sentences did not. These findings suggest that co-activation of similar words across languages also occurs during written production, just as in reading and speaking. Also, the interaction effect with sentence constraint shows that grammatical and semantic sentence restrictions may overrule interlingual facilitation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Woumans
- Department of Translation, Interpreting and Communication, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robin Clauws
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Duyck
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Abstract
Cognitive processes-from basic sensory analysis to language understanding-are typically contextualized. While the importance of considering context for understanding cognition has long been recognized in psychology and philosophy, it has not yet had much impact on cognitive neuroscience research, where cognition is often studied in decontextualized paradigms. Here, we present examples of recent studies showing that context changes the neural basis of diverse cognitive processes, including perception, attention, memory, and language. Within the domains of perception and language, we review neuroimaging results showing that context interacts with stimulus processing, changes activity in classical perception and language regions, and recruits additional brain regions that contribute crucially to naturalistic perception and language. We discuss how contextualized cognitive neuroscience will allow for discovering new principles of the mind and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel M Willems
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marius V Peelen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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7
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Brysbaert M, Sui L, Duyck W, Dirix N. Improving reading rate prediction with word length information: Evidence from Dutch. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:2013-2018. [PMID: 33910411 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211017100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in English has suggested that reading rate predictions can be improved considerably by taking average word length into account. In this study, we investigated whether the same regularity holds for Dutch. The Dutch language is very similar to English, but words are on average half a letter longer: 5.1 letters per word (in non-fiction) instead of 4.6. We collected reading rates of 62 participants reading 12 texts with varying word lengths and examined which change in the English equation accounts for the Dutch findings. We observed that predictions were close to the best-fitting curve as soon as the average English word length was replaced by the average Dutch word length. The equation predicts that Dutch texts with an average word length of 5.1 letters will be read at a rate of 238 words per minute (wpm). Texts with an average word length of 4.5 letters will be read at 270 wpm, and texts with an average word length of 6.0 letters will be read at a rate of 202 wpm. The findings are in line with the assumption that the longer words in Dutch do not slow down silent reading relative to English and that the word length effect observed in each language is due to word processing effort and not to low-level visual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Brysbaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Longjiao Sui
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Duyck
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dirix
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Yeatman JD, Tang KA, Donnelly PM, Yablonski M, Ramamurthy M, Karipidis II, Caffarra S, Takada ME, Kanopka K, Ben-Shachar M, Domingue BW. Rapid online assessment of reading ability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6396. [PMID: 33737729 PMCID: PMC7973435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An accurate model of the factors that contribute to individual differences in reading ability depends on data collection in large, diverse and representative samples of research participants. However, that is rarely feasible due to the constraints imposed by standardized measures of reading ability which require test administration by trained clinicians or researchers. Here we explore whether a simple, two-alternative forced choice, time limited lexical decision task (LDT), self-delivered through the web-browser, can serve as an accurate and reliable measure of reading ability. We found that performance on the LDT is highly correlated with scores on standardized measures of reading ability such as the Woodcock-Johnson Letter Word Identification test (r = 0.91, disattenuated r = 0.94). Importantly, the LDT reading ability measure is highly reliable (r = 0.97). After optimizing the list of words and pseudowords based on item response theory, we found that a short experiment with 76 trials (2-3 min) provides a reliable (r = 0.95) measure of reading ability. Thus, the self-administered, Rapid Online Assessment of Reading ability (ROAR) developed here overcomes the constraints of resource-intensive, in-person reading assessment, and provides an efficient and automated tool for effective online research into the mechanisms of reading (dis)ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Yeatman
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Kenny An Tang
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M Donnelly
- Institute for Learning and Brain Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maya Yablonski
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Mahalakshmi Ramamurthy
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Iliana I Karipidis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sendy Caffarra
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA, USA
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Megumi E Takada
- Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Klint Kanopka
- Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michal Ben-Shachar
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of English Literature and Linguistics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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9
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Eekhof LS, Kuijpers MM, Faber M, Gao X, Mak M, van den Hoven E, Willems RM. Lost in a Story, Detached from the Words. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2020.1857619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S. Eekhof
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Myrthe Faber
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Gao
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Mak
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roel M. Willems
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Recognition times for 62 thousand English words: Data from the English Crowdsourcing Project. Behav Res Methods 2020; 52:741-760. [PMID: 31368025 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-019-01272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a new dataset of English word recognition times for a total of 62 thousand words, called the English Crowdsourcing Project. The data were collected via an internet vocabulary test in which more than one million people participated. The present dataset is limited to native English speakers. Participants were asked to indicate which words they knew. Their response times were registered, although at no point were the participants asked to respond as quickly as possible. Still, the response times correlate around .75 with the response times of the English Lexicon Project for the shared words. Also, the results of virtual experiments indicate that the new response times are a valid addition to the English Lexicon Project. This not only means that we have useful response times for some 35 thousand extra words, but we now also have data on differences in response latencies as a function of education and age.
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhang C. Enhancing keyphrase extraction from microblogs using human reading time. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/asi.24430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Zhang
- Department of Information Management Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Chengzhi Zhang
- Department of Information Management Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
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12
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Magyari L, Mangen A, Kuzmičová A, Jacobs AM, Lüdtke J. Eye movements and mental imagery during reading of literary texts with different narrative styles. J Eye Mov Res 2020; 13:10.16910/jemr.13.3.3. [PMID: 33828798 PMCID: PMC7886417 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on Kuzmičová's [1] phenomenological typology of narrative styles, we studied the specific contributions of mental imagery to literary reading experience and to reading behavior by combining questionnaires with eye-tracking methodology. Specifically, we focused on the two main categories in Kuzmičová's [1] typology, i.e., texts dominated by an "enactive" style, and texts dominated by a "descriptive" style. "Enactive" style texts render characters interacting with their environment, and "descriptive" style texts render environments dissociated from human action. The quantitative analyses of word category distributions of two dominantly enactive and two dominantly descriptive texts indicated significant differences especially in the number of verbs, with more verbs in enactment compared to descriptive texts. In a second study, participants read two texts (one theoretically cueing descriptive imagery, the other cueing enactment imagery) while their eye movements were recorded. After reading, participants completed questionnaires assessing aspects of the reading experience generally, as well as their text-elicited mental imagery specifically. Results show that readers experienced more difficulties conjuring up mental images during reading descriptive style texts and that longer fixation duration on words were associated with enactive style text. We propose that enactive style involves more imagery processes which can be reflected in eye movement behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Magyari
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University of Sciences, Hungary
| | - Anne Mangen
- Norwegian Reading Centre, University of Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anežka Kuzmičová
- Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Arthur M Jacobs
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Berlin (CCNB) Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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13
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Brysbaert M, Keuleers E, Mandera P. Recognition Times for 54 Thousand Dutch Words: Data from the Dutch Crowdsourcing Project. Psychol Belg 2019; 59:281-300. [PMID: 31367458 PMCID: PMC6659767 DOI: 10.5334/pb.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new database of Dutch word recognition times for a total of 54 thousand words, called the Dutch Crowdsourcing Project. The data were collected with an internet vocabulary test. The database is limited to native Dutch speakers. Participants were asked to indicate which words they knew. Their response times were registered, even though the participants were not asked to respond as fast as possible. Still, the response times correlate around .7 with the response times of the Dutch Lexicon Projects for shared words. Also results of virtual experiments indicate that the new response times are a valid addition to the Dutch Lexicon Projects. This not only means that we have useful response times for some 20 thousand extra words, but we now also have data on differences in response latencies as a function of education and age. The new data correspond better to word use in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Brysbaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, BE
| | - Emmanuel Keuleers
- Department Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence, Tilburg University, NL
| | - Paweł Mandera
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, BE
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