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McCarty MF, Lerner A. Perspective: Low Risk of Parkinson's Disease in Quasi-Vegan Cultures May Reflect GCN2-Mediated Upregulation of Parkin. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:355-362. [PMID: 32945884 PMCID: PMC8009740 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) appears to be a key mediating feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), a complex neurodegenerative disorder of still unknown etiology. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes mitophagy of damaged depolarized mitochondria while also boosting mitochondrial biogenesis-thereby helping to maintain efficient mitochondrial function. Boosting Parkin expression in the SN with viral vectors is protective in multiple rodent models of PD. Conversely, homozygosity for inactivating mutations of Parkin results in early-onset PD. Moderate protein plant-based diets relatively low in certain essential amino acids have the potential to boost Parkin expression by activating the kinase GCN2, which in turn boosts the expression of ATF4, a factor that drives transcription of the Parkin gene. Protein-restricted diets also upregulate the expression of PINK1, a protein that binds to the outer membrane of depolarized mitochondria and then recruits and activates Parkin. This effect of protein restriction is mediated by the downregulation of the kinase activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; the latter suppresses PINK1 expression at the transcriptional level. During the 20th century, cultures in East Asia and sub-Sahara Africa consuming quasi-vegan diets were found to be at notably decreased risk of PD compared with the USA or Europe. It is proposed that such diets may provide protection from PD by boosting Parkin and PINK1 expression in the SN. Other measures that might be expected to upregulate protective mitophagy include supplemental N-acetylcysteine (precursor for hydrogen sulfide) and a diet rich in spermidine-a polyamine notably high in corn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Research Department, Rapaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Li Y, Ruan DY, Jia CC, Zheng J, Wang GY, Zhao H, Yang Q, Liu W, Yi SH, Li H, Wang GS, Yang Y, Chen GH, Zhang Q. Aging aggravates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by impairing mitophagy with the involvement of the EIF2α-parkin pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:1902-1920. [PMID: 30089704 PMCID: PMC6128434 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury fundamentally influences the performance of aged liver grafts. The significance of mitophagy in the age dependence of sensitivity to I/R injury remains poorly understood. Here, we show that aging aggravated hepatic I/R injury with decreased mitophagy in mice. The enhancement of mitophagy resulted in significant protection against hepatic I/R injury. Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, was found depleted by I/R in aged livers. In oxygen-glucose deprivation reperfusion (OGD-Rep.)-treated L02 cells, parkin silencing impaired mitophagy and aggravated cell damage through a relative large mitochondrial membrane potential transition. The phosphorylation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response protein EIF2α, which was also reduced in the aged liver, induced parkin expression both in vivo and vitro. Forty-six hepatic biopsy specimens from liver graft were collected 2 hours after complete revascularization, followed by immunohistochemical analyses. Parkin expression was negatively correlated to donor age and the peak level of aspartate aminotransferase within first week after liver transplantation. Our translational study demonstrates that aging aggravated hepatic I/R injury by impairing the age-dependent mitophagy function via an insufficient parkin expression and identifies a new strategy to evaluate the capacity of an aged liver graft in the process of I/R through the parkin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Guangdong Key laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Dan-Yun Ruan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Chang-Chang Jia
- Department of Biotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510630, China.,Guangdong Key laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Guangdong Key laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Guo-Ying Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.,Guangdong Key laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yi
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Gen-Shu Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Gui-Hua Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translation Center for Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510630, China.,Guangdong Key laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510630, China
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