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Martin-Jimenez D, Zhong Q, Schirmeisen A, Ebeling D. Imaging the adsorption sites of organic molecules on metallic surfaces by an adaptive tunnelling current feedback. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:475703. [PMID: 39173655 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows submolecular resolution imaging of organic molecules deposited on a surface by using CO-functionalized qPlus sensors under ultrahigh vacuum and low temperature conditions. However, the experimental determination of the adsorption sites of these organic molecules requires the precise identification of the atomic structure of the surface on which they are adsorbed. Here, we develop an automation method for AFM imaging that provides in a single image both, submolecular resolution on organic molecules and atomic resolution on the surrounding metallic surface. The method is based on an adaptive tunnelling current feedback system that is regulated according to the response of the AFM observables, which guarantees that both the molecules and the surface atoms are imaged under optimum conditions. Therewith, the approach is suitable for imaging adsorption sites of several adjacent and highly mobile molecules such as 2-iodotriphenylene on Ag(111) in a single scan. The proposed method with the adaptive feedback system facilitates statistical analysis of molecular adsorption geometries and could in the future contribute to autonomous AFM imaging as it adapts the feedback parameters depending on the sample properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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2
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Pitters J, Croshaw J, Achal R, Livadaru L, Ng S, Lupoiu R, Chutora T, Huff T, Walus K, Wolkow RA. Atomically Precise Manufacturing of Silicon Electronics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6766-6816. [PMID: 38376086 PMCID: PMC10919096 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise manufacturing (APM) is a key technique that involves the direct control of atoms in order to manufacture products or components of products. It has been developed most successfully using scanning probe methods and has received particular attention for developing atom scale electronics with a focus on silicon-based systems. This review captures the development of silicon atom-based electronics and is divided into several sections that will cover characterization and atom manipulation of silicon surfaces with scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy, development of silicon dangling bonds as atomic quantum dots, creation of atom scale devices, and the wiring and packaging of those circuits. The review will also cover the advance of silicon dangling bond logic design and the progress of silicon quantum atomic designer (SiQAD) simulators. Finally, an outlook of APM and silicon atom electronics will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pitters
- Nanotechnology
Research Centre, National Research Council
of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jeremiah Croshaw
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Roshan Achal
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Lucian Livadaru
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Samuel Ng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert Lupoiu
- School
of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Taras Chutora
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Taleana Huff
- Canadian
Bank Note Company, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 1A1, Canada
| | - Konrad Walus
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Robert A. Wolkow
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Quantum
Silicon Inc., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
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3
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Fan D, Chelikowsky JR. Atomic Fingerprinting of Heteroatoms Using Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102977. [PMID: 34596948 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immense strides have been made in increasing the resolution of scanning probe microscopy. Noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) now offers one the ability to characterize and visualize single molecules with subatomic resolution. Specifically, nc-AFM with a carbon monoxide (CO) functionalized tip has the ability to discriminate functional groups (-CC-, -CH2 , -CO, …), although discriminating atomic species often remains as an ongoing challenge. Here, real-space pseudopotentials constructed within density functional theory are employed to accurately simulate nc-AFM images of molecules containing heteroatoms (S, I, and N) within dibenzothiophene (DBT), 2-iodotriphenylene (ITP), acridine (ACR) and ferrous phthalocyanine (FePc). It is found that S and I atoms can be easily identified from C based on their unique features. For N atoms, a use of tip functionalization is proposed to effectively discriminate them from C atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxin Fan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, POB 4.302, 201 East 24th St. C0200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - James R Chelikowsky
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Physics, Center for Computational Materials, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, POB 4.324, 201 East 24th St. C0200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Mallada B, Błoński P, Langer R, Jelínek P, Otyepka M, de la Torre B. On-Surface Synthesis of One-Dimensional Coordination Polymers with Tailored Magnetic Anisotropy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:32393-32401. [PMID: 34227386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) metalloporphyrin polymers can exhibit magnetism, depending on the central metal ion and the surrounding ligand field. The possibility of tailoring the magnetic signal in such nanostructures is highly desirable for potential spintronic devices. We present low-temperature (4.2 K) scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (LT-STM/STS) in combination with high-resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a density functional theory (DFT) study of a two-step synthetic protocol to grow a robust Fe-porphyrin-based 1D polymer on-surface and to tune its magnetic properties. A thermally assisted Ullmann-like coupling reaction of Fe(III)diphenyl-bromine-porphyrin (2BrFeDPP-Cl) on Au(111) in ultra-high vacuum results in long (up to 50 nm) 1D metal-organic wires with regularly distributed magnetic and (electronically) independent porphyrins units, as confirmed by STM images. Thermally controlled C-H bond activation leads to conformational changes in the porphyrin units, which results in molecular planarization steered by 2D surface confinement, as confirmed by high-resolution AFM images. Spin-flip STS images in combination with DFT self-consistent spin-orbit coupling calculations of porphyrin units with different structural conformations reveal that the magnetic anisotropy of the triplet ground state of the central Fe ion units drops down substantially upon intramolecular rearrangements. These results point out to new opportunities for realizing and studying well-defined 1D organic magnets on surfaces and demonstrate the feasibility of tailoring their magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Mallada
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Material, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Błoński
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Material, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rostislav Langer
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Material, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Material, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Material, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba,Czech Republic
| | - Bruno de la Torre
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Material, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Gordon OM, Moriarty PJ. Machine learning at the (sub)atomic scale: next generation scanning probe microscopy. MACHINE LEARNING-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/ab7d2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yesilpinar D, Schulze Lammers B, Timmer A, Amirjalayer S, Fuchs H, Mönig H. High resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy imaging with oxygen-terminated copper tips at 78 K. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2961-2965. [PMID: 31970359 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10450j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Functionalizing atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips by picking up single inert probe particles like CO or Xe from the surface drastically increase the resolution. In particular, this approach allows imaging organic molecules with submolecular resolution revealing their internal bonding structure. However, due to the weak coupling of these probe particles to both, the surface they are picked up from and the tip apex, these experiments require liquid helium temperatures (i.e.≈5 K). In the present study we demonstrate that functionalizing an AFM tip with an atomically defined O-terminated copper tip (CuOx tip) allows performing such experiments at liquid nitrogen temperatures (i.e.≈78 K) with outstanding quality. We show that it is possible to utilize CuOx tips for chemically selective imaging of a copper oxide nanodomain on a partially oxidized Cu(110) surface in the repulsive force regime at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the high structural and chemical stability of CuOx tips allow even ex situ investigations where these tips are used to perform experiments on other, non-Cu, non-oxidized, substrates. In particular, we present results obtained from a dicoronylene (DCLN) molecule with submolecular resolution. An analysis of inner and peripheral bond lengths of the DCLN molecule shows excellent agreement with theoretical gas phase simulations emphasizing the exceptional imaging properties of CuOx tips also at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Yesilpinar
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Bertram Schulze Lammers
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Alexander Timmer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Harry Mönig
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Kaiser K, Gross L, Schulz F. A Single-Molecule Chemical Reaction Studied by High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Induced Light Emission. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6947-6954. [PMID: 31184117 PMCID: PMC6595658 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as scanning tunneling microscopy induced light emission (STM-LE) are, each on their own, powerful tools used to investigate a large variety of properties of single molecules adsorbed on a surface. However, accessing both structural information by AFM as well as optical information by STM-LE on the same molecule so far remains elusive. We present a combined high-resolution AFM and STM-LE study on single metal-oxide phthalocyanines. Using atomic manipulation, the molecules can be deliberately reduced. We demonstrate structure elucidation and adsorption geometry determination of single molecules with atomic resolution combined with optical characterization by STM-LE and the possibility of investigating the change in a molecule's exciton emission intensity by a chemical reaction.
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