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Gong H, Xing Y, Li J, Liu S. Functionalized Linear Conjugated Polymer/TiO 2 Heterojunctions for Significantly Enhancing Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. Molecules 2024; 29:1103. [PMID: 38474617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their structural abundance and tunable energy bands. Compared with CP-based materials, the inorganic semiconductor TiO2 has the advantages of low cost, non-toxicity and high photocatalytic hydrogen production (PHP) performance. However, studies on polymeric-inorganic heterojunctions, composed of D-A type CPs and TiO2, for boosting the PHP efficiency are still rare. Herein, an elucidation that the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity can actually be improved by forming polymeric-inorganic heterojunctions TFl@TiO2, TS@TiO2 and TSO2@TiO2, facilely synthesized through efficient in situ direct C-H arylation polymerization, is given. The compatible energy levels between virgin TiO2 and polymeric semiconductors enable the resulting functionalized CP@TiO2 heterojunctions to exhibit a considerable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate (HER). Especially, the HER of TSO2@TiO2 heterojunction reaches up to 11,220 μmol g-1 h-1, approximately 5.47 and 1260 times higher than that of pristine TSO2 and TiO2 photocatalysts. The intrinsic merits of a donor-acceptor conjugated polymer and the interfacial interaction between CP and TiO2 account for the excellent PHP activity, facilitating the separation of photo-generated excitons. Considering the outstanding PHP behavior, our work discloses that the coupling of inorganic semiconductors and suitable D-A conjugated CPs would play significant roles in the photocatalysis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yuqin Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Cheng C, Yu J, Xu D, Wang L, Liang G, Zhang L, Jaroniec M. In-situ formatting donor-acceptor polymer with giant dipole moment and ultrafast exciton separation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1313. [PMID: 38350993 PMCID: PMC10864376 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45604-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor semiconducting polymers present countless opportunities for application in photocatalysis. Previous studies have showcased their advantages through direct bottom-up methods. Unfortunately, these approaches often involve harsh reaction conditions, overlooking the impact of uncontrolled polymerization degrees on photocatalysis. Besides, the mechanism behind the separation of electron-hole pairs (excitons) in donor-acceptor polymers remains elusive. This study presents a post-synthetic method involving the light-induced transformation of the building blocks of hyper-cross-linked polymers from donor-carbon-donor to donor-carbon-acceptor states, resulting in a polymer with a substantial intramolecular dipole moment. Thus, excitons are efficiently separated in the transformed polymer. The utility of this strategy is exemplified by the enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide synthesis. Encouragingly, our observations reveal the formation of intramolecular charge transfer states using time-resolved techniques, confirming transient exciton behavior involving separation and relaxation. This light-induced method not only guides the development of highly efficient donor-acceptor polymer photocatalysts but also applies to various fields, including organic solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Difa Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Applied Environmental Photocatalysis, Changsha University, 98 Hongshan Road, Changsha, 410022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Optoelectronic Material and Devices, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, P. R. China
| | - Guijie Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Optoelectronic Material and Devices, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441053, P. R. China
| | - Liuyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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Shen ZQ, Zhang G, Yang K, Zhang YJ, Gong H, Liao G, Liu SY. Direct C-H Arylation Derived Ternary D-A Conjugated Polymers: Effects of Monomer Geometries, D/A Ratios, and Alkyl Side Chains on Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production and Pollutant Degradation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300566. [PMID: 37931779 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymer (CP) featuring high charge mobility and widely tunable energy bands have shown promising prospects in photocatalysis. In this work, a library of ternary D-A CPs (22 polymers) based on benzothiadiazole, bithiophene, and fluorene derivatives (i.e., fluorene [Fl], 9,9-dihexylfluorene [HF], and 9,9'-spirobifluorene [SF]) with and without alkyl side chains, and with 3D geometry are designed and synthesized via atom-economical direct C-H arylation polymerization to explore the synergetic effects of stereochemistry, D/A ratio, and alkyl chains on the properties and photocatalytic performances, which reveal that 1) the cross-shaped 3D spirobifluorene (SF) building block shows the highest hydrogen evolution rates (HER) owing to the sufficient photocatalytic active sites exposed, 2) the alkyl-free linear polymer (FlBtBT0.05 ) exhibit the highest photocatalytic pollutant degradation performance owing to its superior charge separation, and 3) the alkyl side chains are redundances that will exert detrimental effects on the aqueous photocatalysis owing to their insulating and hydrophobic property. The structure-property-performance correlation results obtained will provide a desirable guideline for the rational design of CP-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Qi Shen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Guangfu Liao
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
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Tunable Donor-Acceptor Linear Conjugated Polymers Involving Cyanostyrylthiophene Linkages for Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Production. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052203. [PMID: 36903455 PMCID: PMC10004844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an atom- and step-economic direct C-H arylation polymerization (DArP) strategy was developed to access cyanostyrylthiophene (CST)-based donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers (CPs) used for photocatalytic hydrogen production (PHP) from water reduction. The new CST-based CPs CP1-CP5 with varied building blocks were systematically studied by X-ray single-crystal analysis, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis, photoluminescence, transient photocurrent response, cyclic voltammetry measurements, and a PHP test, which showed that the phenyl-cyanostyrylthiophene-based CP3 exhibits a superior hydrogen evolution rate (7.60 mmol h-1 g-1) compared to other conjugated polymers. The structure-property-performance correlation results obtained in this study will provide an important guideline for the rational design of high-performance D-A CPs for PHP applications.
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Han C, Xiang S, Ge M, Xie P, Zhang C, Jiang JX. An Efficient Electron Donor for Conjugated Microporous Polymer Photocatalysts with High Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Activity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202072. [PMID: 35689304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with donor-acceptor (D-A) molecular structure show high photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution due to the efficient light-induced electron/hole separation, which is mostly determined by the nature of electron donor and acceptor units. Therefore, the selection of electron donor and acceptor holds the key point to construct high performance polymer photocatalysts. Herein, two dibenzo[b,d]thiophene-S,S-dioxide (BTDO) containing CMP photocatalysts using tetraphenylethylene (TPE) or dibenzo[g,p]chrysene (DBC) as the electron donor to investigate the influence of the geometry of electron donor on the photocatalytic activity are design and synthesized. Compared with the twisted TPE donor, DBC has a planar molecular structure with extended π-conjugation, which promotes the charges transmission and light-induced electron/hole separation. As a result, the polymer DBC-BTDO produced from DBC donor shows a remarkable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 104.86 mmol h-1 g-1 under full arc light (λ > 300 nm), which is much higher than that of the polymer TPE-BTDO (1.80 mmol h-1 g-1 ), demonstrating that DBC can be an efficient electron donor for constructing D-A polymer photocatalysts with high photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Han
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Sihui Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Mantang Ge
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Peixuan Xie
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, P. R. China
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Cheng C, Liang Q, Yan M, Liu Z, He Q, Wu T, Luo S, Pan Y, Zhao C, Liu Y. Advances in preparation, mechanism and applications of graphene quantum dots/semiconductor composite photocatalysts: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127721. [PMID: 34865907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the low efficiency of single-component nano materials, there are more and more studies on high-efficiency composites. As zero dimensional (0D) non-metallic semiconductor material, the emergence of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) overcomes the shortcomings of traditional photocatalysts (rapid rate of electron-hole recombination and narrow range of optical response). Their uniqueness is that they can combine the advantages of quantum dots (rich functional groups at edge) and sp2 carbon materials (large specific surface area). The inherent inert carbon stabilizes chemical and physical properties, and brings new breakthroughs to the development of benchmark photocatalysts. The photocatalytic efficiency of GQDs composite with semiconductor materials (SCs) can be improved by the following three points: (1) accelerating charge transfer, (2) extending light absorption range, (3) increasing active sites. The methods of preparation (bottom-up and top-down), types of heterojunctions, mechanisms of photocatalysis, and applications of GQDs/SCs (wastewater treatment, energy storage, gas sensing, UV detection, antibiosis and biomedicine) are comprehensively discussed. And it is hoped that this review can provide some guidance for the future research on of GQDs/SCs on photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qinghua Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ming Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Qingyun He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Songhao Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yuan Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chenhui Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Ye DN, Zhang YJ, Tan ZR, Xing YQ, Chen Z, Qiu JB, Liu SY. Tunable cyano substituents in D–A conjugated polymers accessed via direct arylation for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12680-12683. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04625c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A library of STP-based CP photocatalysts with –CN groups at varied positions were designed and facilely synthesized by an atom- and step-economic one-component direct arylation polymerization for a structure–property–performance correlation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Nai Ye
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qin Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Bin Qiu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China
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Tan ZR, Xing YQ, Cheng JZ, Zhang G, Shen ZQ, Zhang YJ, Liao G, Chen L, Liu SY. EDOT-based conjugated polymers accessed via C–H direct arylation for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1725-1733. [PMID: 35282637 PMCID: PMC8826507 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT), as a monomer of commercial conductive poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), has been facilely incorporated into a series of new π-conjugated polymer-based photocatalysts, i.e., BSO2-EDOT, DBT-EDOT, Py-EDOT and DFB-EDOT,...
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Rong Tan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Yu-Qin Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Jing-Zhao Cheng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhao-Qi Shen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 China
| | - Guangfu Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Shi-Yong Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 China
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