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Kim Y, Mandriota N, Goodnight D, Sahin O. Calibration of T-shaped atomic force microscope cantilevers using the thermal noise method. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:083703. [PMID: 32872926 PMCID: PMC7413748 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tip-sample interaction force measurements in atomic force microscopy (AFM) provide information about materials' properties with nanoscale resolution. The T-shaped cantilevers used in Torsional-Harmonic AFM allow measuring the rapidly changing tip-sample interaction forces using the torsional (twisting) deflections of the cantilever due to the off-axis placement of the sharp tip. However, it has been difficult to calibrate these cantilevers using the commonly used thermal noise-based calibration method as the mechanical coupling between flexural and torsional deflections makes it challenging to determine the deflection sensitivities from force-distance curves. Here, we present thermal noise-based calibration of these T-shaped AFM cantilevers by simultaneously analyzing flexural and torsional thermal noise spectra, along with deflection signals during a force-distance curve measurement. The calibration steps remain identical to the conventional thermal noise method, but a computer performs additional calculations to account for mode coupling. We demonstrate the robustness of the calibration method by determining the sensitivity of calibration results to the laser spot position on the cantilever, to the orientation of the cantilever in the cantilever holder, and by repeated measurements. We validated the quantitative force measurements against the known unfolding force of a protein, the I91 domain of titin, which resulted in consistent unfolding force values among six independently calibrated cantilevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Nicola Mandriota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Davis Goodnight
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Bochicchio D, Kwangmettatam S, Kudernac T, Pavan GM. How Defects Control the Out-of-Equilibrium Dissipative Evolution of a Supramolecular Tubule. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4322-4334. [PMID: 30875196 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular architectures that work out-of-equilibrium or that can change in specific ways when absorbing external energy are ubiquitous in nature. Gaining the ability to create via self-assembly artificial materials possessing such fascinating behaviors would have a major impact in many fields. However, the rational design of similar dynamic structures requires to understand and, even more challenging, to learn how to master the molecular mechanisms governing how the assembled systems evolve far from the equilibrium. Typically, this represents a daunting challenge due to the limited molecular insight that can be obtained by the experiments or by classical modeling approaches. Here we combine coarse-grained molecular models and advanced simulation approaches to study at submolecular (<5 Å) resolution a supramolecular tubule, which breaks and disassembles upon absorption of light energy triggering isomerization of its azobenzene-containing monomers. Our approach allows us to investigate the molecular mechanism of monomer transition in the assembly and to elucidate the kinetic process for the accumulation of the transitions in the system. Despite the stochastic nature of the excitation process, we demonstrate how these tubules preferentially dissipate the absorbed energy locally via the amplification of defects in their supramolecular structure. We find that this constitutes the best kinetic pathway for accumulating monomer transitions in the system, which determines the dynamic evolution out-of-equilibrium and the brittle behavior of the assembly under perturbed conditions. Thanks to the flexibility of our models, we finally come out with a general principle, where defects explain and control the brittle/soft behavior of such light-responsive assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bochicchio
- Department of Innovative Technologies , University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland , Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
| | - Supaporn Kwangmettatam
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Twente , PO Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Kudernac
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Twente , PO Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies , University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland , Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c , CH-6928 Manno , Switzerland
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Vilan A, Aswal D, Cahen D. Large-Area, Ensemble Molecular Electronics: Motivation and Challenges. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4248-4286. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Vilan
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - David Cahen
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Cantatore V, Granucci G, Rousseau G, Padula G, Persico M. Photoisomerization of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Azobiphenyls: Simulations Highlight the Role of Packing and Defects. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4027-4031. [PMID: 27669082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present surface hopping simulations of the photodynamics of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4'-(biphenyl-4-ylazo)-biphenyl-4-thiol (ABPT) on Au(111). We show that trans → cis photoisomerization is suppressed because of steric hindrance in a well-ordered SAM. Photoisomerization is instead viable in the presence of defects. Two particularly important defects are the boundaries between domains of trans-ABPT molecules leaning in different directions (a line defect) and single cis molecules embedded in a SAM of trans (a point defect). Our findings explain the cooperative behavior observed during the photoisomerization of a trans-ABPT SAM, leading to large domains of pure cis and trans isomers. The line and point defects are predicted to produce different patterns of cis-ABPT molecules during the early stages of the photoconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cantatore
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , v. G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , v. G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guillaume Rousseau
- Magistère 2 de Physique Fondamentale, Université de Paris Sud 11 , Orsay 91400, France
| | - Giancarlo Padula
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , v. G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , v. G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Harnoy AJ, Slor G, Tirosh E, Amir RJ. The effect of photoisomerization on the enzymatic hydrolysis of polymeric micelles bearing photo-responsive azobenzene groups at their cores. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5813-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cohen SR, Kalfon-Cohen E. Dynamic nanoindentation by instrumented nanoindentation and force microscopy: a comparative review. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 4:815-33. [PMID: 24367751 PMCID: PMC3869246 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Viscoelasticity is a complex yet important phenomenon that drives material response at different scales of time and space. Burgeoning interest in nanoscale dynamic material mechanics has driven, and been driven by two key techniques: instrumented nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy. This review provides an overview of fundamental principles in nanoindentation, and compares and contrasts these two techniques as they are used for characterization of viscoelastic processes at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney R Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, POB 26, Rehovot, ISRAEL 76100
| | - Estelle Kalfon-Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, POB 26, Rehovot, ISRAEL 76100
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Pipolo S, Benassi E, Corni S. Structural properties of azobenzene self-assembled monolayers by atomistic simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10505-10512. [PMID: 23879669 DOI: 10.1021/la401645k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are examples of optomechanical nanostructures capable of producing mechanical work through the well-known azobenzene photoisomerization process. Experimental studies have provided information on their structural properties, but an atomistic description of the SAMs in both the cis and trans forms is still lacking. In this work, a computational investigation of the SAM structures is conducted by classical molecular dynamics with a dedicated force. Experimental data on the SAM unit cell is used to set up SAM models of different molecular densities. The optimal structures are identified through the comparison with structural data from X-ray photoelectron and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies. The resulting SAM atomistic models are validated by comparing simulated and experimental scanning tunneling microscopy images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Pipolo
- Center S3, CNR Institute of Nanoscience, Via Campi 213/A, 41121 Modena, Italy.
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Tian Z, Wen J, Ma J. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations of switching processes of azobenzene-based monolayer on surface. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:014706. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4812379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Synthesis of azobenzene substituted tripod-shaped bi(p-phenylene)s. Adsorption on gold and CdS quantum-dots surfaces. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pipolo S, Benassi E, Brancolini G, Valášek M, Mayor M, Corni S. First-principle-based MD description of azobenzene molecular rods. Theor Chem Acc 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-012-1274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Benassi E, Corni S. First principle evaluation of the chiroptical activity of the di-phenyl-diazene derivatives. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:124307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4753810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Huang C, Moosmann M, Jin J, Heiler T, Walheim S, Schimmel T. Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:620-8. [PMID: 23019558 PMCID: PMC3458608 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and cost-effective lithographic method, polymer blend lithography (PBL), is reported to produce patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on solid substrates featuring two or three different chemical functionalities. For the pattern generation we use the phase separation of two immiscible polymers in a blend solution during a spin-coating process. By controlling the spin-coating parameters and conditions, including the ambient atmosphere (humidity), the molar mass of the polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and the mass ratio between the two polymers in the blend solution, the formation of a purely lateral morphology (PS islands standing on the substrate while isolated in the PMMA matrix) can be reproducibly induced. Either of the formed phases (PS or PMMA) can be selectively dissolved afterwards, and the remaining phase can be used as a lift-off mask for the formation of a nanopatterned functional silane monolayer. This "monolayer copy" of the polymer phase morphology has a topographic contrast of about 1.3 nm. A demonstration of tuning of the PS island diameter is given by changing the molar mass of PS. Moreover, polymer blend lithography can provide the possibility of fabricating a surface with three different chemical components: This is demonstrated by inducing breath figures (evaporated condensed entity) at higher humidity during the spin-coating process. Here we demonstrate the formation of a lateral pattern consisting of regions covered with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), and at the same time featuring regions of bare SiO(x). The patterning process could be applied even on meter-sized substrates with various functional SAM molecules, making this process suitable for the rapid preparation of quasi two-dimensional nanopatterned functional substrates, e.g., for the template-controlled growth of ZnO nanostructures [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)/Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Moosmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jiehong Jin
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Heiler
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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