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Thennakoon CA, Rajapakshe RBSD, Malikaramage AU, Gamini Rajapakse RM. Factors Affecting the Hydrophobic Property of Stearic Acid Self-Assembled on the TiO 2 Substrate. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48184-48191. [PMID: 36591204 PMCID: PMC9798506 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on inorganic metal oxides is highly applicable in making different kinds of surface phenomena such as superhydrophobicity, functional group-modified surfaces, corrosion resistance, and so on. The formation of stearic acid SAMs on the TiO2 substrate depends on a few factors, and the cleanability of the substrate surface can be considered as the critical criterion for the formation of the SAM layer. The solvent, concentration of the adsorbate, immersion time, and temperature can be identified as other factors that are crucial for growing a uniform and highly dense monolayer. SAM layers always build up spontaneously on a suitable substrate, but the growth rate and arrangement can be changed by varying the external factors. These factors highly affect the chemisorption of stearic acid molecules onto the TiO2 substrate and building a well-ordered pattern on the surface without defects. This study mainly focuses on identifying the critical conditions of the external factors in obtaining a high-performance superhydrophobic surface. The crystal structure and surface morphologies of the substrate materials are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and the surface wettability is characterized by contact angle measurements. High superhydrophobicity is observed at the optimum conditions of the factors. Ethanol is used as the solvent; the temperature is about 40 °C; and 600 ppm of stearic acid is the critical concentration in obtaining a superhydrophobic surface with 100 min of immersion time, while the contact angle is 151.38°. Simultaneously, if the concentration is 1000 ppm and the immersion time is 120 min, the surface shows high superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 162.06°. These critical conditions are found to be adequate for building well-ordered stearic acid SAMs on the TiO2 substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charith Anuruddha Thennakoon
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400 Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate
Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - R. B. S. Dilan Rajapakshe
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400 Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate
Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Asitha Udayanga Malikaramage
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400 Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate
Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rajapakse Mudiyanselage Gamini Rajapakse
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400 Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate
Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
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Pawlik A, Jarosz M, Socha RP, Sulka GD. The Impacts of Crystalline Structure and Different Surface Functional Groups on Drug Release and the Osseointegration Process of Nanostructured TiO 2. Molecules 2021; 26:1723. [PMID: 33808785 PMCID: PMC8003584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In implantable materials, surface topography and chemistry are the most important in the effective osseointegration and interaction with drug molecules. Therefore, structural and surface modifications of nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) layers are reported in the present work. In particular, the modification of annealed TiO2 samples with -OH groups and silane derivatives, confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, is shown. Moreover, the ibuprofen release process was studied regarding the desorption-desorption-diffusion (DDD) kinetic model. The results proved that the most significant impact on the release profile is annealing, and further surface modifications did not change its kinetics. Additionally, the cell adhesion and proliferation were examined based on the MTS test and immunofluorescent staining. The obtained data showed that the proposed changes in the surface chemistry enhance the samples' hydrophilicity. Moreover, improvements in the adhesion and proliferation of the MG-63 cells were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pawlik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Magdalena Jarosz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Robert P. Socha
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Niezapominajek 8, 30239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz D. Sulka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30387 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (G.D.S.)
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Shiel AI, Ayre WN, Blom AW, Hallam KR, Heard PJ, Payton O, Picco L, Mansell JP. Development of a facile fluorophosphonate-functionalised titanium surface for potential orthopaedic applications. J Orthop Translat 2020; 23:140-151. [PMID: 32818135 PMCID: PMC7427324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aseptic loosening of total joint replacements (TJRs) continues to be the main cause of implant failures. The socioeconomic impact of surgical revisions is hugely significant; in the United Kingdom alone, it is estimated that £137 m is spent annually on revision arthroplasties. Enhancing the longevity of titanium implants will help reduce the incidence and overall cost of failed devices. Methods In realising the development of a superior titanium technology, we exploited the natural affinity of titanium for phosphonic acids and developed a facile means of coating the metal with (3S)1-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-(oleoyloxy)butyl-1-phosphonate (FHBP), a phosphatase-resistant analogue of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Importantly LPA and selected LPA analogues like FHBP synergistically cooperate with calcitriol to promote human osteoblast formation and maturation. Results Herein, we provide evidence that simply immersing titanium in aqueous solutions of FHBP afforded a surface that was superior to unmodified metal at enhancing osteoblast maturation. Importantly, FHBP-functionalised titanium remained stable to 2 years of ambient storage, resisted ∼35 kGy of gamma irradiation and survived implantation into a bone substitute (Sawbone™) and irrigation. Conclusion The facile step we have taken to modify titanium and the robustness of the final surface finish are appealing properties that are likely to attract the attention of implant manufacturers in the future. The translational potential of this article We have generated a functionalised titanium (Ti) surface by simply immersing Ti in aqueous solutions of a bioactive lipid. As a facile procedure it will have greater appeal to implant manufacturers compared to onerous and costly developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Shiel
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Wayne N Ayre
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Ashley W Blom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Southmead, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Keith R Hallam
- University of Bristol, Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Peter J Heard
- University of Bristol, Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Oliver Payton
- University of Bristol, Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Loren Picco
- University of Bristol, Interface Analysis Centre, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK.,Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284, VA, USA
| | - Jason P Mansell
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
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Baldwin F, Craig TJ, Shiel AI, Cox T, Lee K, Mansell JP. Polydopamine-Lysophosphatidate-Functionalised Titanium: A Novel Hybrid Surface Finish for Bone Regenerative Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1583. [PMID: 32235562 PMCID: PMC7180599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aseptic loosening of total joint replacements (TJRs) continues to be the main cause of implant failures. The socioeconomic impact of surgical revisions is hugely significant; in the United Kingdom alone, it is estimated that £135m is spent annually on revision arthroplasties. Enhancing the longevity of titanium implants will help reduce the incidence and overall cost of failed devices. In realising the development of a superior titanium (Ti) technology, we took inspiration from the growing interest in reactive polydopamine thin films for biomaterial surface functionalisations. Adopting a "one-pot" approach, we exposed medical-grade titanium to a mildly alkaline solution of dopamine hydrochloride (DHC) supplemented with (3S)1-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-(oleoyloxy)butyl-1-phosphonate (FHBP), a phosphatase-resistant analogue of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Importantly, LPA and selected LPA analogues like FHBP synergistically cooperate with calcitriol to promote human osteoblast formation and maturation. Herein, we provide evidence that simply immersing Ti in aqueous solutions of DHC-FHBP afforded a surface that was superior to FHBP-Ti at enhancing osteoblast maturation. The facile step we have taken to modify Ti and the biological performance of the final surface finish are appealing properties that may attract the attention of implant manufacturers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Baldwin
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (F.B.); (T.J.C.); (A.I.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Tim J. Craig
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (F.B.); (T.J.C.); (A.I.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Anna I. Shiel
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (F.B.); (T.J.C.); (A.I.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Timothy Cox
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (F.B.); (T.J.C.); (A.I.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Kyueui Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Jason P. Mansell
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (F.B.); (T.J.C.); (A.I.S.); (T.C.)
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Demina PA, Voronin DV, Lengert EV, Abramova AM, Atkin VS, Nabatov BV, Semenov AP, Shchukin DG, Bukreeva TV. Freezing-Induced Loading of TiO 2 into Porous Vaterite Microparticles: Preparation of CaCO 3/TiO 2 Composites as Templates To Assemble UV-Responsive Microcapsules for Wastewater Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4115-4124. [PMID: 32149240 PMCID: PMC7057696 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation of organic molecules is one of the effective ways for water purification. At this point, photocatalytic microreactor systems seem to be promising to enhance the versatility of the photoassisted degradation approach. Herein, we propose photoresponsive microcapsules prepared via layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes on the novel CaCO3/TiO2 composite template cores. The preparation of CaCO3/TiO2 composite particles is challenging because of the poor compatibility of TiO2 and CaCO3 in an aqueous medium. To prepare stable CaCO3/TiO2 composites, TiO2 nanoparticles were loaded into mesoporous CaCO3 microparticles with a freezing-induced loading technique. The inclusion of TiO2 nanoparticles into CaCO3 templates was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis with respect to their type, concentration, and number of loading iterations. Upon polyelectrolyte shell assembly, the CaCO3 matrix was dissolved, resulting in microreactor capsules loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles. The photoresponsive properties of the resulted capsules were tested by photoinduced degradation of the low-molecule dye rhodamine B in aqueous solution and fluorescently labeled polymer molecules absorbed on the capsule surface under UV light. The exposure of the capsules to UV light resulted in a pronounced degradation of rhodamine B in capsule microvolume and fluorescent molecules on the capsule surface. Finally, the versatility of preparation of multifunctional photocatalytic and magnetically responsive capsules was demonstrated by iterative freezing-induced loading of TiO2 and magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles into CaCO3 templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina A. Demina
- Shubnikov
Institute of Crystallography of FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
- Saratov
State University, Saratov 410012, Russia
- E-mail:
| | - Denis V. Voronin
- Saratov
State University, Saratov 410012, Russia
- National
University of Oil and Gas “Gubkin University”, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Boris V. Nabatov
- Shubnikov
Institute of Crystallography of FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Anton P. Semenov
- National
University of Oil and Gas “Gubkin University”, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry G. Shchukin
- National
University of Oil and Gas “Gubkin University”, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Stephenson
Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Tatiana V. Bukreeva
- Shubnikov
Institute of Crystallography of FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia
- National
Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow 123182, Russia
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6
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Micro-Patterning of Magnetron Sputtered Titanium Dioxide Coatings and Their Efficiency for Photocatalytic Applications. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide thin films were deposited onto sola-lime glass substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering. Fine stainless steel mesh sheets with different aperture sizes were applied as masks over glass substrates to allow the deposition of the coatings with micro-patterned structures and, therefore, enhanced surface area. Non-patterned titania films were deposited for comparison purposes. The titanium dioxide films were post-deposition annealed at 873 K for crystallinity development and then extensively analysed by a number of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), optical and stylus profilometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of non-patterned and micro-patterned titania films was assessed under UV light irradiation by three different methods; namely methylene blue, stearic acid, and oleic acid degradation. The results revealed that the micro-patterned coatings significantly outperformed non-patterned titania in all types of photocatalytic tests, due to their higher values of surface area. Increasing the aperture of the stainless steel mesh resulted in lower photocatalytic activity and lower surface area values, compared to the coatings deposited through a smaller aperture mesh.
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7
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Abstract
In this work, we employed a step-by-step sol-gel process to controllably deposit ultra-thin layers of SiO2 on anatase nanoparticles in the range between 0 and 1 nm. The deposition was confirmed by TEM, EDX, and ATR-FTIR (e.g., Ti-O-Si band at 960 cm-1). Zeta potential measurements unravelled a continuous change in surface charge density with increasing silica shell thickness. The photocatalysts were evaluated towards adsorption and degradation of positively-charged and negatively-charged dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange) under UV illumination. The growth mechanism follows the Stranski–Krastanov model with three thickness regimes: (a) Flat islands (first step), (b) mono/bilayers (second/third step), and (c) regular thick films (fourth/fifth step). The results suggest different rate limiting processes for these regimes: (a) For the thinnest scenario, acidic triple-phase boundaries (TPBs) increase the activity for both dyes with their accessibility being the rate limiting step; (b) for continuous mono/bilayers, dye adsorption on the negatively-charged SiO2 shells becomes the rate liming step, which leads to a stark increase in activity for the positively-charged MB and a decrease for MO; (c) for thicker shells, the activity decreases for both dyes and is limited by the charge transport through the isolating shells.
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8
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Das S, Hunter EE, DeLateur NA, Steager EB, Weiss R, Kumar V. Cellular expression through morphogen delivery by light activated magnetic microrobots. JOURNAL OF MICRO-BIO ROBOTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12213-019-00119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Investigations on the photo catalytic activity of calcium doped TiO2 photo electrode for enhanced efficiency of anthocyanins based dye sensitized solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Patterning, the controlled formation of ordered surface features with different physico-chemical properties, is a cornerstone of contemporary micro- and nanofabrication. In this context, lithographic approaches owe their wide success to their versatility and their relative ease of implementation and scalability. Conventional photolithographic methods require several steps and the use of polymeric photoresists for the development of the desired pattern, all factors which can be deleterious, especially for sensitive substrates. Efficient patterning of surfaces, with resolution down to the nanometer scale, can be achieved by means of photocatalytic lithography. This approach is based on the use of photocatalysts to achieve the selective chemical modification or degradation of self-assembled monolayers, polymers, and metals. A wide range of photoactive compounds, from semiconducting oxides to porphyrins, have been demonstrated to be suitable photocatalysts. The goal of the present review is to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art photocatalytic lithography, ranging from approaches based on semiconducting oxides to singlet oxygen-based lithography. Special attention will be dedicated to the results obtained for the patterning of polymer brushes, the sculpturing of metal nanoparticle arrays, and the patterning of graphene-based structures.
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11
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Somasundaram S. Silane coatings of metallic biomaterials for biomedical implants: A preliminary review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 106:2901-2918. [PMID: 30091505 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to increased attention in literature, this work provides a qualitative review surrounding the application of silane-based coatings of metallic biomaterials for biomedical implants. Included herein is both a brief summary of existing knowledge and concepts regarding silane-based thin films, along with an analysis of recent peer-reviewed publications and advances towards their practical application for biomedical coatings. Specifically, the review identifies innovative silane-based coatings according to their molecular identity and film structure and analyses their impact on the biocorrosion resistance, protein adsorption, cell viability, and antimicrobial properties of the overall coated implant. It is shown that a range of common silanes clearly exhibit promising properties for biomedical implant coatings, but further work is needed, particularly on mechanisms of physiological interaction and characteristic effects of silane functional groups, before seeing clinical use. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2901-2918, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahadev Somasundaram
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Różycka A, Iwan A, Bogdanowicz KA, Filapek M, Górska N, Pociecha D, Malinowski M, Fryń P, Hreniak A, Rysz J, Dąbczyński P, Marzec M. Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO 2-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:721-739. [PMID: 29600135 PMCID: PMC5852503 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the presence of titanium dioxide in two new imines, (E,E)-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(oxybutane-4,1-diyl) bis(4-{[(benzo[d][1,3]thiazol-2-yl)methylidene]amino}benzoate) (SP1) and (E)-N-[(benzo[d][1,3]thiazol-2-yl)methylidene]-4-dodecylaniline (SP2), on the properties and stability of imine:TiO2 composites for organic device applications were examined. The investigated titanium dioxide (in anatase form, obtained via the sol-gel method) exhibited a surface area of 59.5 m2/g according to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory, and its structure is a combination of both meso- and microporous. The average pore diameter calculated by the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method was 6.2 nm and the cumulative volume of pores was 0.117 m3/g. The imine SP1 exhibited columnar organization (Col), while SP2 revealed a hexagonal columnar crystalline phase (Colhk). The imine:TiO2 mixtures in various weight ratio (3:0, 3:1, 3:2, 3:3) showed a lower energy gap and HOMO-LUMO energy levels compared to pure TiO2. This implies that TiO2 provides not only a larger surface area for sensitizer adsorption and good electron collection, but also causes a shift of the imine energy levels resulting from intermolecular interaction. Also the temperature of the phase transition was slightly affected with the increase of TiO2 concentration in imine-based composites. The changes observed in the Fourier transform middle-infrared absorption (FT-MIR) spectra confirmed the significant influence of TiO2 on structural properties of both investigated imines. Similar interactions of oxygen vacancies existing on the TiO2 surface with SP1 and SP2 were observed. The imine:TiO2 mixtures showed good air stability and reusability, which demonstrates its potential for organic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Różycka
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, prof. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Iwan
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Natalia Górska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Damian Pociecha
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Malinowski
- Electrotechnical Institute, Division of Electrotechnology and Materials Science, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 55/61 Street, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland
- Hydrogen South Africa (HySA) Systems and Validation Centre, SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Patryk Fryń
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, prof. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Hreniak
- Electrotechnical Institute, Division of Electrotechnology and Materials Science, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 55/61 Street, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Rysz
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, prof. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Dąbczyński
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, prof. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Marzec
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, prof. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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13
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Self-Assembled Monolayers for Dental Implants. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:4395460. [PMID: 29552036 PMCID: PMC5818935 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4395460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Implant-based therapy is a mature approach to recover the health conditions of patients affected by edentulism. Thousands of dental implants are placed each year since their introduction in the 80s. However, implantology faces challenges that require more research strategies such as new support therapies for a world population with a continuous increase of life expectancy, to control periodontal status and new bioactive surfaces for implants. The present review is focused on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for dental implant materials as a nanoscale-processing approach to modify titanium surfaces. SAMs represent an easy, accurate, and precise approach to modify surface properties. These are stable, well-defined, and well-organized organic structures that allow to control the chemical properties of the interface at the molecular scale. The ability to control the composition and properties of SAMs precisely through synthesis (i.e., the synthetic chemistry of organic compounds with a wide range of functional groups is well established and in general very simple, being commercially available), combined with the simple methods to pattern their functional groups on complex geometry appliances, makes them a good system for fundamental studies regarding the interaction between surfaces, proteins, and cells, as well as to engineering surfaces in order to develop new biomaterials.
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14
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Monteiro MCO, Schmuki P, Killian MS. Tuning Anatase Surface Reactivity toward Carboxylic Acid Anchor Groups. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13913-13922. [PMID: 29140709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of different post-treatments on TiO2 anatase surface reactivity was investigated in order to obtain the best techniques for enhancing anatase performance in diverse applications, e.g., in photocatalysis and especially as photoelectrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Different post-treatments of compact anodic anatase TiO2 were compared, including O2 plasma, UV irradiation, immersion in H2O2, vapor thermal treatment, and post-anodization, evaluating the increase of the amount of OH reactive groups on the surface and removal of surface contamination. In XPS spectra, the increase of OH groups is evident by the O 1s peak at higher binding energy. ToF-SIMS principal component analysis demonstrated that treatments performed in aqueous media led to a cleaner surface, with substantial removal of electrolyte residues. Stearic acid and the organic dye N719 were adsorbed to the differently post-treated anatase, and adsorption was evaluated by contact angle and dye desorption measurements. A higher loading with molecules containing carboxylic acid functionalities was confirmed by both techniques on the treated samples. The post-treatments that presented the highest amounts of dye were used to prepare photoelectrodes, and these were tested in DSSCs where the efficiency values doubled in comparison with the non-post-treated electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C O Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrik Schmuki
- Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuela S Killian
- Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Arrotin B, Delhalle J, Dubois P, Mespouille L, Mekhalif Z. Electroassisted Functionalization of Nitinol Surface, a Powerful Strategy for Polymer Coating through Controlled Radical Surface Initiation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2977-2985. [PMID: 28252303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coating Nitinol (NiTi) surfaces with a polymer layer has become very appealing in the past few years owing to its increased attraction in the biomedical field. Although its intrinsic properties helped ensure its popularity, its extensive implementation is still hampered by its nickel inclusion, making it sensitive to pitting corrosion and therefore leading to the release of carcinogenic Ni2+ ions. Among all recent ways to modify NiTi surfaces, elaboration of self-assembled monolayers is of great interest as their high order confers a reinforcement of the metal surface corrosion resistance and brings new functionalities to the metal for postmodification processes. In this work, we compare the electroassisted and thermally assisted self-assembling of 11-(2-bromoisobutyrate)-undecyl-1-phosphonic acid (BUPA) to the classical immersion process on NiTi surfaces initially submitted to a hydrothermal treatment. Among all tested conditions, the electroassisted grafting of BUPA at room temperature appears to be the most promising alternative, as it allows grafting in very short times (5-10 min), thus preventing its degradation. The thus-formed layer has been proven to be sufficient to enable the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Arrotin
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Surfaces (CES), University of Namur , rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Health and Materials Research Institutes, University of Mons , Place du Parc, 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Joseph Delhalle
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Surfaces (CES), University of Namur , rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Health and Materials Research Institutes, University of Mons , Place du Parc, 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) , Rue du Brill, 41, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Laetitia Mespouille
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Health and Materials Research Institutes, University of Mons , Place du Parc, 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Zineb Mekhalif
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Surfaces (CES), University of Namur , rue de Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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16
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Regulska E, Rivera‐Nazario DM, Karpinska J, Plonska‐Brzezinska ME, Echegoyen L. Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of Porphyrin/Phthalocyanine and
Bis
(4‐pyridyl)pyrrolidinofullerene modified Titania. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Regulska
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Bialystok Ciolkowskiego 1K 15-245 Bialystok Poland
| | | | - Joanna Karpinska
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Bialystok Ciolkowskiego 1K 15-245 Bialystok Poland
| | | | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Texas at El Paso 500 W. University Ave. El Paso, TX 79968 USA
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17
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Zheng D, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Immobilization of alendronate on titanium via its different functional groups and the subsequent effects on cell functions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 487:1-11. [PMID: 27743540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of alendronate on orthopedic implants offers the possibility of enhancing osteogenesis without potentially adverse effects associated with systemic administration of this drug. In this work, alendronate was immobilized on titanium (Ti) via either its phosphate (Method 1) or amino (Method 2) groups, and responses of osteoblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on these surfaces were investigated. These modified substrates have similar surface roughness and are negatively charged. With similar amounts of immobilized alendronate, these two types of modified substrates showed comparable osteogenic stimulating effects in enhancing osteoblasts' alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition for the first 10days. However, alendronate immobilized via its phosphate groups was less stable, and gradually leached into the medium. As a result, its stimulating effect on osteoblast differentiation diminished with time. On the other hand, alendronate immobilized via its amino group stimulated osteoblast differentiation over 21days, and with 1655ng/cm2 of immobilized alendronate on the Ti substrate, calcium deposition by osteoblasts and hMSCs increased by 30% and 69%, respectively, compared to pristine Ti after 21days. The expressions of runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix, osteopontin and osteocalcin in hMSCs cultured on this substrate were monitored. The up-regulation of these genes is postulated to play a role in the acceleration of osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs cultured on the alendronate-modified substrate over those on pristine Ti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Koon Gee Neoh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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18
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Carvajal CG, Rout S, Mundle R, Pradhan AK. Multilayered Approach for TiO 2 Hollow-Shell-Protected SnO 2 Nanorod Arrays for Superior Lithium Storage. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:11-18. [PMID: 27992713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the growth of materials with nanosized precision as well as a complex hollow morphology provides rationale for the study of systems comprising both characteristics. This study explores the design of TiO2 hollow nanotube shells deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on vertically aligned SnO2 nanorods grown using the vapor-liquid-solid technique. The sacrificial template approach in combination with highly conformal coating advantages of ALD resulted in a highly reproducible method to create a large surface area covered by TiO2-protected SnO2 nanorods, which are about 60-100 nm in diameter and approximately 1 μm in length. ZnO was used as a sacrificial layer to create a 30 nm gap between SnO2 nanorods and 10 nm of TiO2 shells. Chemical etching of the sacrificial layer was used to create the desired hollow nanocomposite. A coin half-cell battery has been assembled using the TiO2-protected SnO2 nanorods as an anode electrode and lithium foil as a counter electrode and tested for lithium storage during 70 cycles of charge/discharge in a range of 0.5-2.5 V. The TiO2 hollow shell functioned as a good and robust enhancer for both absolute capacity and current rate capabilities of vertically aligned SnO2 nanorods; an improvement in cyclic stability was also observed. This advanced self-standing hollow configuration provides several unique advantages for energy storage device applications including enhanced lithiation for superior energy storage performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G Carvajal
- Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University , 700 Park Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23504, United States
| | - Sangeeta Rout
- Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University , 700 Park Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23504, United States
| | - Rajeh Mundle
- Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University , 700 Park Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23504, United States
| | - Aswini K Pradhan
- Center for Materials Research, Norfolk State University , 700 Park Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23504, United States
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19
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Panzarasa G, Soliveri G, Ardizzone S. Crafting positive/negative patterns and nanopillars of polymer brushes by photocatalytic lithography. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Zarifi MH, Farsinezhad S, Wiltshire BD, Abdorrazaghi M, Kar P, Daneshmand M, Shankar K. Effect of phosphonate monolayer adsorbate on the microwave photoresponse of TiO2 nanotube membranes mounted on a planar double ring resonator. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:375201. [PMID: 27487465 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/37/375201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of a phosphonate molecular monolayer adsorbed on the surface of a free-standing self-organized TiO2 nanotube membrane, on the microwave photoresponse of the membrane are presented. This phenomenon is monitored using planar microwave sensors. A double ring resonator is utilized to monitor the permittivity and conductivity variation on the monolayer coated membrane and the sensor environment separately. It is shown that the rise time and subsequent decay of the amplitude (A), resonance frequency (f 0) and quality factor (Q) of the resonator depend on the existence and the type of the monolayer coating the membrane. Three different monolayers of n-decylphosphonic acid (DPA), 1H, 1H', 2H, 2H'-perfluorodecyl phosphonic acid (PFDPA) and 16-phosphonohexadecanoic acid adsorbed on the titania nanotube membrane are investigated while monitoring their microwave properties during the illumination time period and in the relaxation period, which demonstrate different behavior in comparison to each other and to the bare nanotube membrane layer. The effect of humidity on the TiO2 nanotube membrane with and without different monolayers is also studied and the results demonstrate distinguishable microwave responses. While each of the monolayer-coated membranes exhibited an attenuation of the photo-induced change in A, f 0 and Q with respect to the bare membrane, PFDPA-coated membranes showed the smallest relative change in the monitored microwave parameters upon ultraviolet illumination and upon the introduction of different levels of humidity. These effects are explained on the basis of surface trap passivation by the monolayers as well as the hydrophobicity of the monolayers. Our work also shows how the interactions of self-assembled monolayers with charge carriers and surface states on metal oxides may be used to indirectly sense their presence through measurement of the microwave response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Zarifi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
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21
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Ayre WN, Scott T, Hallam K, Blom AW, Denyer S, Bone HK, Mansell JP. Fluorophosphonate-functionalised titanium via a pre-adsorbed alkane phosphonic acid: a novel dual action surface finish for bone regenerative applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:36. [PMID: 26704553 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing vitamin D-induced human osteoblast (hOB) maturation at bone biomaterial surfaces is likely to improve prosthesis integration with resultant reductions in the need for revision arthroplasty consequent to aseptic loosening. Biomaterials that are less appealing to microorganisms implicated in implant failures through infection are also highly desirable. However, finding surfaces that enhance hOB maturation to active vitamin D yet deter bacteria remain elusive. In addressing this, we have sought to bio-functionalise titanium (Ti) with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and related, phosphatase-resistant, LPA analogues. The impetus for this follows our discovery that LPA co-operates with active vitamin D3 metabolites to secure hOB maturation in vitro including cells grown upon Ti. LPA has also been found, by others, to inhibit virulence factor production and biofilm formation of the human opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Collectively, selected LPA species might offer potential dual-action surface finishes for contemporary bone biomaterials. In attaching a phosphatase-resistant LPA analogue to Ti we took advantage of the affinity of alkane phosphonic acids for TiO2. Herein, we provide evidence for the facile development of a dual-action Ti surface for potential orthopaedic and dental applications. Successful conjugation of an LPA analogue (3S)1-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-(oleoyloxy)butyl-1-phosphonate (FHBP) to the Ti surface was supported through physiochemical characterisation using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. hOB maturation to active vitamin D3 was enhanced for cells grown on FHBP-Ti whilst these same surfaces exhibited clear antiadherent properties towards a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Scott
- Interface Analysis Centre, School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Keith Hallam
- Interface Analysis Centre, School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Ashley W Blom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Stephen Denyer
- University of Brighton, Mithras House, Brighton, BN2 4AT, UK
| | - Heather K Bone
- CATIM, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Jason P Mansell
- Department of Biological, Biomedical & Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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22
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Skindersoe ME, Krogfelt KA, Blom A, Jiang G, Prestwich GD, Mansell JP. Dual Action of Lysophosphatidate-Functionalised Titanium: Interactions with Human (MG63) Osteoblasts and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143509. [PMID: 26605796 PMCID: PMC4659682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) is a widely used material for surgical implants; total joint replacements (TJRs), screws and plates for fixing bones and dental implants are forged from Ti. Whilst Ti integrates well into host tissue approximately 10% of TJRs will fail in the lifetime of the patient through a process known as aseptic loosening. These failures necessitate revision arthroplasties which are more complicated and costly than the initial procedure. Finding ways of enhancing early (osseo)integration of TJRs is therefore highly desirable and continues to represent a research priority in current biomaterial design. One way of realising improvements in implant quality is to coat the Ti surface with small biological agents known to support human osteoblast formation and maturation at Ti surfaces. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and certain LPA analogues offer potential solutions as Ti coatings in reducing aseptic loosening. Herein we present evidence for the successful bio-functionalisation of Ti using LPA. This modified Ti surface heightened the maturation of human osteoblasts, as supported by increased expression of alkaline phosphatase. These functionalised surfaces also deterred the attachment and growth of Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium often associated with implant failures through sepsis. Collectively we provide evidence for the fabrication of a dual-action Ti surface finish, a highly desirable feature towards the development of next-generation implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Elena Skindersoe
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department for Infection and Microbiology Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Karen A. Krogfelt
- Department for Infection and Microbiology Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ashley Blom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Guowei Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States of America
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, 419 Wakara Way, Suite 205, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States of America
| | - Jason Peter Mansell
- Department of Biological, Biomedical & Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Soliveri G, Sabatini V, Farina H, Ortenzi M, Meroni D, Colombo A. Double side self-cleaning polymeric materials: The hydrophobic and photoactive approach. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Moxey M, Johnson A, El-Zubir O, Cartron M, Dinachali SS, Hunter CN, Saifullah MSM, Chong KSL, Leggett GJ. Fabrication of Self-Cleaning, Reusable Titania Templates for Nanometer and Micrometer Scale Protein Patterning. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6262-70. [PMID: 26042335 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic self-cleaning characteristics of titania facilitate the fabrication of reuseable templates for protein nanopatterning. Titania nanostructures were fabricated over square centimeter areas by interferometric lithography (IL) and nanoimprint lithography (NIL). With the use of a Lloyd's mirror two-beam interferometer, self-assembled monolayers of alkylphosphonates adsorbed on the native oxide of a Ti film were patterned by photocatalytic nanolithography. In regions exposed to a maximum in the interferogram, the monolayer was removed by photocatalytic oxidation. In regions exposed to an intensity minimum, the monolayer remained intact. After exposure, the sample was etched in piranha solution to yield Ti nanostructures with widths as small as 30 nm. NIL was performed by using a silicon stamp to imprint a spin-cast film of titanium dioxide resin; after calcination and reactive ion etching, TiO2 nanopillars were formed. For both fabrication techniques, subsequent adsorption of an oligo(ethylene glycol) functionalized trichlorosilane yielded an entirely passive, protein-resistant surface. Near-UV exposure caused removal of this protein-resistant film from the titania regions by photocatalytic degradation, leaving the passivating silane film intact on the silicon dioxide regions. Proteins labeled with fluorescent dyes were adsorbed to the titanium dioxide regions, yielding nanopatterns with bright fluorescence. Subsequent near-UV irradiation of the samples removed the protein from the titanium dioxide nanostructures by photocatalytic degradation facilitating the adsorption of a different protein. The process was repeated multiple times. These simple methods appear to yield durable, reuseable samples that may be of value to laboratories that require nanostructured biological interfaces but do not have access to the infrastructure required for nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Moxey
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
- ‡Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alexander Johnson
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Osama El-Zubir
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cartron
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Saman Safari Dinachali
- ‡Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - C Neil Hunter
- §Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad S M Saifullah
- ‡Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Karen S L Chong
- ‡Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - Graham J Leggett
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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25
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Reinke M, Kuzminykh Y, Hoffmann P. Selective growth of titanium dioxide by low-temperature chemical vapor deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9736-9743. [PMID: 25901661 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A key factor in engineering integrated optical devices such as electro-optic switches or waveguides is the patterning of thin films into specific geometries. In particular for functional oxides, etching processes are usually developed to a much lower extent than for silicon or silicon dioxide; therefore, selective area deposition techniques are of high interest for these materials. We report the selective area deposition of titanium dioxide using titanium isopropoxide and water in a high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition (HV-CVD) process at a substrate temperature of 225 °C. Here—contrary to conventional thermal CVD processes—only hydrolysis of the precursor on the surface drives the film growth as the thermal energy is not sufficient to thermally decompose the precursor. Local modification of the substrate surface energy by perfluoroalkylsilanization leads to a reduced surface residence time of the precursors and, consequently, to lower reaction rate and a prolonged incubation period before nucleation occurs, hence, enabling selective area growth. We discuss the dependence of the incubation time and the selectivity of the deposition process on the presence of the perfluoroalkylsilanization layer and on the precursor impinging rates—with selectivity, we refer to the difference of desired material deposition, before nucleation occurs in the undesired regions. The highest measured selectivity reached (99 ± 5) nm, a factor of 3 superior than previously reported in an atomic layer deposition process using the same chemistry. Furthermore, resolution of the obtained patterns will be discussed and illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reinke
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Photonic Materials and Characterization, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lau-sanne, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yury Kuzminykh
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Photonic Materials and Characterization, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lau-sanne, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Hoffmann
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Photonic Materials and Characterization, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lau-sanne, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Sergeev ME, Morgia F, Lazari M, Wang C, van Dam RM. Titania-catalyzed radiofluorination of tosylated precursors in highly aqueous medium. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5686-94. [PMID: 25860121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic radiofluorination is an efficient synthetic route to many positron-emission tomography (PET) probes, but removal of water to activate the cyclotron-produced [(18)F]fluoride has to be performed prior to reaction, which significantly increases overall radiolabeling time and causes radioactivity loss. In this report, we demonstrate the possibility of (18)F-radiofluorination in highly aqueous medium. The method utilizes titania nanoparticles, 1:1 (v/v) acetonitrile-thexyl alcohol solvent mixture, and tetra-n-butylammonium bicarbonate as a phase-transfer agent. Efficient radiolabeling is directly performed with aqueous [(18)F]fluoride without the need for a drying/azeotroping step to significantly reduce radiosynthesis time. High radiochemical purity of the target compound is also achieved. The substrate scope of the synthetic strategy is demonstrated with a range of aromatic, aliphatic, and cycloaliphatic tosylated precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim E Sergeev
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Federica Morgia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mark Lazari
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christopher Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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27
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Shori S, Pellechia PJ, zur Loye HC, Ploehn HJ. Covalent grafting of phenylphosphonate on calcium niobate platelets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 437:97-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Soliveri G, Pifferi V, Panzarasa G, Ardizzone S, Cappelletti G, Meroni D, Sparnacci K, Falciola L. Self-cleaning properties in engineered sensors for dopamine electroanalytical detection. Analyst 2015; 140:1486-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A self-cleaning reusable composite electrode is ad hoc designed to bypass the fouling problem connected with biomedical molecule detection (e.g. dopamine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Soliveri
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
| | - Valentina Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”
- 15100 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Silvia Ardizzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
| | - Giuseppe Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
| | - Daniela Meroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
| | - Katia Sparnacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”
- 15100 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Luigi Falciola
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
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29
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Panzarasa G, Soliveri G, Sparnacci K, Ardizzone S. Patterning of polymer brushes made easy using titanium dioxide: direct and remote photocatalytic lithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7313-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide photocatalytic lithography of initiator functionalized surfaces is proved for the realization of micropatterned polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Panzarasa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”
- Viale T. Michel 11
- 15100 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - G. Soliveri
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
| | - K. Sparnacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica
- Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro”
- Viale T. Michel 11
- 15100 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - S. Ardizzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM)
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Anirudhan TS, Divya PL, Nima J, Sandeep S. Synthesis and evaluation of Iron-doped titania/silane based hydrogel for the adsorptional photocatalytic degradation of Victoria blue under visible light. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 434:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yamamoto H, Demura T, Morita M, Kono S, Sekine K, Shinada T, Nakamura S, Tanii T. In situ modification of cell-culture scaffolds by photocatalytic decomposition of organosilane monolayers. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035021. [PMID: 25100800 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel application of TiO2 photocatalysis for modifying the cell affinity of a scaffold surface in a cell-culture environment. An as-deposited octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer (OTS SAM) on TiO2 was found to be hydrophobic and stably adsorbed serum albumins that blocked subsequent adsorption of other proteins and cells. Upon irradiation of ultraviolet (UV) light, OTS molecules were decomposed and became permissive to the adhesion of PC12 cells via adsorption of an extracellular matrix protein, collagen. Optimal UV dose was 200 J cm(-2) for OTS SAM on TiO2. The amount of collagen adsorption decreased when excessive UV light was irradiated, most likely due to the surface being too hydrophilic to support its adsorption. This UV-induced modification required TiO2 to be present under the SAM and hence is a result of TiO2 photocatalysis. The UV irradiation for surface modification can be performed before cell plating or during cell culture. We also demonstrate that poly(ethylene glycol) SAM can also be patterned with this method, indicating that it is applicable to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic SAMs. This method provides a unique tool for fabricating cell microarrays and studying dynamical properties of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamamoto
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishi-waseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan. Nanotechnology Research Center, Waseda University, 513 Waseda Tsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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Antonello A, Soliveri G, Meroni D, Cappelletti G, Ardizzone S. Photocatalytic remediation of indoor pollution by transparent TiO2 films. Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Milde P, Schönfelder R, Koitzsch A, Haubner K, Zerweck-Trogisch U, Jaehne E, Eng LM. In situ self-assembled organic interface layers for the controlled growth of oligothiophene thin films on ferroelectric Pb(Zr 0.2Ti 0.8)O 3. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:214702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4833355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ul-Haq E, Patole S, Moxey M, Amstad E, Vasilev C, Hunter CN, Leggett GJ, Spencer ND, Williams NH. Photocatalytic nanolithography of self-assembled monolayers and proteins. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7610-8. [PMID: 23971891 PMCID: PMC4327559 DOI: 10.1021/nn402063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers of alkylthiolates on gold and alkylsilanes on silicon dioxide have been patterned photocatalytically on sub-100 nm length-scales using both apertured near-field and apertureless methods. Apertured lithography was carried out by means of an argon ion laser (364 nm) coupled to cantilever-type near-field probes with a thin film of titania deposited over the aperture. Apertureless lithography was carried out with a helium-cadmium laser (325 nm) to excite titanium-coated, contact-mode atomic force microscope (AFM) probes. This latter approach is readily implementable on any commercial AFM system. Photodegradation occurred in both cases through the localized photocatalytic degradation of the monolayer. For alkanethiols, degradation of one thiol exposed the bare substrate, enabling refunctionalization of the bare gold by a second, contrasting thiol. For alkylsilanes, degradation of the adsorbate molecule provided a facile means for protein patterning. Lines were written in a protein-resistant film formed by the adsorption of oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized trichlorosilanes on glass, leading to the formation of sub-100 nm adhesive, aldehyde-functionalized regions. These were derivatized with aminobutylnitrilotriacetic acid, and complexed with Ni(2+), enabling the binding of histidine-labeled green fluorescent protein, which yielded bright fluorescence from 70-nm-wide lines that could be imaged clearly in a confocal microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtsham Ul-Haq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Samson Patole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Moxey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Amstad
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cvetelin Vasilev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas H. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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Metal complex oligomer and polymer wires on electrodes: Tactical constructions and versatile functionalities. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Huth M. Radiation-induced nanostructures: Formation processes and applications. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:533-534. [PMID: 23019548 PMCID: PMC3458598 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, Goethe-Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Nussbaum M, Paz Y. Ultra-thin SiO2 layers on TiO2: improved photocatalysis by enhancing products' desorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:3392-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23202b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Tedja R, Soeriyadi AH, Whittaker MR, Lim M, Marquis C, Boyer C, Davis TP, Amal R. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticle surface functionalization on protein adsorption, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity: the attachment of PEG comb polymers using catalytic chain transfer and thiol–ene chemistry. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20450a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Huang C, Moosmann M, Jin J, Heiler T, Walheim S, Schimmel T. Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:620-8. [PMID: 23019558 PMCID: PMC3458608 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and cost-effective lithographic method, polymer blend lithography (PBL), is reported to produce patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on solid substrates featuring two or three different chemical functionalities. For the pattern generation we use the phase separation of two immiscible polymers in a blend solution during a spin-coating process. By controlling the spin-coating parameters and conditions, including the ambient atmosphere (humidity), the molar mass of the polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and the mass ratio between the two polymers in the blend solution, the formation of a purely lateral morphology (PS islands standing on the substrate while isolated in the PMMA matrix) can be reproducibly induced. Either of the formed phases (PS or PMMA) can be selectively dissolved afterwards, and the remaining phase can be used as a lift-off mask for the formation of a nanopatterned functional silane monolayer. This "monolayer copy" of the polymer phase morphology has a topographic contrast of about 1.3 nm. A demonstration of tuning of the PS island diameter is given by changing the molar mass of PS. Moreover, polymer blend lithography can provide the possibility of fabricating a surface with three different chemical components: This is demonstrated by inducing breath figures (evaporated condensed entity) at higher humidity during the spin-coating process. Here we demonstrate the formation of a lateral pattern consisting of regions covered with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), and at the same time featuring regions of bare SiO(x). The patterning process could be applied even on meter-sized substrates with various functional SAM molecules, making this process suitable for the rapid preparation of quasi two-dimensional nanopatterned functional substrates, e.g., for the template-controlled growth of ZnO nanostructures [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)/Darmstadt University of Technology, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Moosmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jiehong Jin
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Heiler
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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