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Rocha-Cuervo JJ, Uribe-Lam E, Treviño-Quintanilla CD, Melo-Maximo DV. Sputtering Plasma Effect on Zinc Oxide Thin Films Produced on Photopolymer Substrates. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102283. [PMID: 37242858 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents a post-cured treatment alternative for photopolymer substrates considering the plasma produced via the sputtering process. The sputtering plasma effect was discussed, analyzing the properties of zinc/zinc oxide (Zn/ZnO) thin films deposited on photopolymer substrates, with and without ultraviolet (UV) treatment as a post-treatment process, after manufacturing. The polymer substrates were produced from a standard Industrial Blend resin and manufactured using stereolithography (SLA) technology. After that, the UV treatment followed the manufacturer's instructions. The influence of the sputtering plasma as an extra treatment during the deposition of the films was analyzed. Characterization was performed to determine the microstructural and adhesion properties of the films. The results showed the effect of plasma as a post-cured treatment alternative: fractures were found in thin films deposited on polymers with previous UV treatment. In the same way, the films showed a repetitive printing pattern due to the phenomenon of polymer shrinkage caused by the sputtering plasma. The plasma treatment also showed an effect on the thicknesses and roughness values of the films. Finally, according to VDI-3198 standards, coatings with acceptable adhesion failures were found. The results provide attractive properties of Zn/ZnO coatings on polymeric substrates produced by additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jesus Rocha-Cuervo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Estado de Mexico Campus, Atizapán 52926, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Uribe-Lam
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Queretaro 76130, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Daniela Treviño-Quintanilla
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Queretaro 76130, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Dulce Viridiana Melo-Maximo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Estado de Mexico Campus, Atizapán 52926, Mexico
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A Review on Stimuli-Actuated 3D Micro/Nanostructures for Tissue Engineering and the Potential of Laser-Direct Writing via Two-Photon Polymerization for Structure Fabrication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214270. [PMID: 36430752 PMCID: PMC9699325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present the most recent and relevant research that has been done regarding the fabrication of 3D micro/nanostructures for tissue engineering applications. First, we make an overview of 3D micro/nanostructures that act as backbone constructs where the seeded cells can attach, proliferate and differentiate towards the formation of new tissue. Then, we describe the fabrication of 3D micro/nanostructures that are able to control the cellular processes leading to faster tissue regeneration, by actuation using topographical, mechanical, chemical, electric or magnetic stimuli. An in-depth analysis of the actuation of the 3D micro/nanostructures using each of the above-mentioned stimuli for controlling the behavior of the seeded cells is provided. For each type of stimulus, a particular recent application is presented and discussed, such as controlling the cell proliferation and avoiding the formation of a necrotic core (topographic stimulation), controlling the cell adhesion (nanostructuring), supporting the cell differentiation via nuclei deformation (mechanical stimulation), improving the osteogenesis (chemical and magnetic stimulation), controlled drug-delivery systems (electric stimulation) and fastening tissue formation (magnetic stimulation). The existing techniques used for the fabrication of such stimuli-actuated 3D micro/nanostructures, are briefly summarized. Special attention is dedicated to structures' fabrication using laser-assisted technologies. The performances of stimuli-actuated 3D micro/nanostructures fabricated by laser-direct writing via two-photon polymerization are particularly emphasized.
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Abstract
Additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, is an advancement over traditional formative manufacturing methods. It can increase efficiency in manufacturing operations highlighting advantages such as rapid prototyping, reduction of waste, reduction of manufacturing time and cost, and increased flexibility in a production setting. The additive manufacturing (AM) process consists of five steps: (1) preparation of 3D models for printing (designing the part/object), (2) conversion to STL file, (3) slicing and setting of 3D printing parameters, (4) actual printing, and (5) finishing/post-processing methods. Very often, the 3D printed part is sufficient by itself without further post-printing processing. However, many applications still require some forms of post-processing, especially those for industrial applications. This review focuses on the importance of different finishing/post-processing methods for 3D-printed polymers. Different 3D printing technologies and materials are considered in presenting the authors’ perspective. The advantages and disadvantages of using these methods are also discussed together with the cost and time in doing the post-processing activities. Lastly, this review also includes discussions on the enhancement of properties such as electrical, mechanical, and chemical, and other characteristics such as geometrical precision, durability, surface properties, and aesthetic value with post-printing processing. Future perspectives is also provided towards the end of this review.
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Warr CA, Hinnen HS, Avery S, Cate RJ, Nordin GP, Pitt WG. 3D-Printed Microfluidic Droplet Generator with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Polymers. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12010091. [PMID: 33467026 PMCID: PMC7830873 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Droplet generation has been widely used in conventional two-dimensional (2D) microfluidic devices, and has recently begun to be explored for 3D-printed droplet generators. A major challenge for 3D-printed devices is preventing water-in-oil droplets from sticking to the interior surfaces of the droplet generator when the device is not made from hydrophobic materials. In this study, two approaches were investigated and shown to successfully form droplets in 3D-printed microfluidic devices. First, several printing resin candidates were tested to evaluate their suitability for droplet formation and material properties. We determined that a hexanediol diacrylate/lauryl acrylate (HDDA/LA) resin forms a solid polymer that is sufficiently hydrophobic to prevent aqueous droplets (in a continuous oil flow) from attaching to the device walls. The second approach uses a fully 3D annular channel-in-channel geometry to form microfluidic droplets that do not contact channel walls, and thus, this geometry can be used with hydrophilic resins. Stable droplets were shown to form using the channel-in-channel geometry, and the droplet size and generation frequency for this geometry were explored for various flow rates for the continuous and dispersed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler A. Warr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Hunter S. Hinnen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (H.S.H.); (S.A.); (R.J.C.); (G.P.N.)
| | - Saroya Avery
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (H.S.H.); (S.A.); (R.J.C.); (G.P.N.)
| | - Rebecca J. Cate
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (H.S.H.); (S.A.); (R.J.C.); (G.P.N.)
| | - Gregory P. Nordin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (H.S.H.); (S.A.); (R.J.C.); (G.P.N.)
| | - William G. Pitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Collagen/Chitosan Functionalization of Complex 3D Structures Fabricated by Laser Direct Writing via Two-Photon Polymerization for Enhanced Osteogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176426. [PMID: 32899318 PMCID: PMC7504713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of 3D microstructures is under continuous development for engineering bone substitutes. Collagen/chitosan (Col/CT) blends emerge as biomaterials that meet the mechanical and biological requirements associated with bone tissue. In this work, we optimize the osteogenic effect of 3D microstructures by their functionalization with Col/CT blends with different blending ratios. The structures were fabricated by laser direct writing via two-photons polymerization of IP-L780 photopolymer. They comprised of hexagonal and ellipsoidal units 80 µm in length, 40 µm in width and 14 µm height, separated by 20 µm pillars. Structures’ functionalization was achieved via dip coating in Col/CT blends with specific blending ratios. The osteogenic role of Col/CT functionalization of the 3D structures was confirmed by biological assays concerning the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin secretion as osteogenic markers and Alizarin Red (AR) as dye for mineral deposits in osteoblast-like cells seeded on the structures. The structures having ellipsoidal units showed the best results, but the trends were similar for both ellipsoidal and hexagonal units. The strongest osteogenic effect was obtained for Col/CT blending ratio of 20/80, as demonstrated by the highest ALP activity, osteocalcin secretion and AR staining intensity in the seeded cells compared to all the other samples.
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Movsesian N, Hirth S, Speros J, Gupta M. Robust Vapor-Deposited Antifouling Fluoropolymer Coatings for Stainless Steel Polymerization Reactor Components. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nareh Movsesian
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sabine Hirth
- Department of Material Physics, Analytics & Formulation, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Joshua Speros
- California Research Alliance (CARA), BASF Corporation, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Chaudhury A, Korompili G, Mitra M, Chronis N. A 3D-printed, touch-activated, sanitizer dispensing device for reducing healthcare-acquired infections. JOURNAL OF 3D PRINTING IN MEDICINE 2020; 4:91-104. [DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2020-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Aim: We present a touch-activated, sanitizer dispensing (TSD) device, intended to be mounted on high-touch surfaces, that aims to reduce nosocomial infections. It disinfects the person’s hand touching its surface while being self-sterilizing. Materials & methods: The TSD device consists of an array of 3D-printed, passive, miniaturized, mechanical valves that dispense a small amount of liquid sanitizer when touched. Its mechanical performance and disinfecting efficiency were quantified using simulations and experimental tests. Results & conclusion: The TSD device has a disinfecting efficiency comparable to the standard hand sanitizing approach, reducing the microbiological load by approximately 30-times. It can be easily mounted on high-touch surfaces in a healthcare setting and it is expected to greatly reduce the spread of nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ray Chaudhury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Georgia Korompili
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Nanoscience, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Mainak Mitra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nikolaos Chronis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Nanoscience, National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos, Patriarchou Gregoriou & Neapoleos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Voutes GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece
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Nguyen B, Dabir S, Tsotsis T, Gupta M. Fabrication of Hydrogen-Selective Silica Membranes via Pyrolysis of Vapor Deposited Polymer Films. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Nguyen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sasan Dabir
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Theodore Tsotsis
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Surface Modification of 3D Printed PLA Objects by Fused Deposition Modeling: A Review. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids3020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) filaments are very popular as a thermoplastic source used in the 3D printing field by the “Fused Deposition Modeling” method in the last decade. The PLA market is expected to reach 5.2 billion US dollars in 2020 for all of its industrial uses. On the other hand, 3D printing is an expanding technology that has a large economic potential in many industries where PLA is one of the main choices as the source polymer due to its ease of printing, environmentally friendly nature, glossiness and multicolor appearance properties. In this review, we first reported the chemical structure, production methods, general properties, and present market of the PLA. Then, the chemical modification possibilities of PLA and its use in 3D printers, present drawbacks, and the surface modification methods of PLA polymers in many different fields were discussed. Specifically, the 3D printing method where the PLA filaments are used in the extrusion-based 3D printing technologies is reviewed in this article. Many methods have been proposed for the permanent surface modifications of the PLA where covalent attachments were formed such as alkaline surface hydrolysis, atom transfer polymerization, photografting by UV light, plasma treatment, and chemical reactions after plasma treatment. Some of these methods can be applied for surface modifications of PLA objects obtained by 3D printing for better performance in biomedical uses and other fields. Some recent publications reporting the surface modification of 3D printed PLA objects were also discussed.
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Simon U, Dimartino S. Direct 3D printing of monolithic ion exchange adsorbers. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1587:119-128. [PMID: 30579643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic adsorbers with anion exchange (AEX) properties have been 3D printed in an easy one-step process, i.e. not requiring post-functionalization to introduce the AEX ligands. The adsorber, 3D printed using a commercial digital light processing (DLP) printer, was obtained by copolymerisation of a bifunctional monomer bearing a positively charged quaternary amine as well as an acrylate group, with the biocompatible crosslinker polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). To increase the surface area, polyethylene glycol was introduced into the material formulation as pore forming agent. The influence of photoinitiator (Omnirad 819) and photoabsorber (Reactive Orange 16, RO16) concentration was investigated in order to optimize printing resolution, allowing to reliably 3D print features as small as 200 μm and of highly complex Schoen Gyroids. Protein binding was measured on AEX adsorbers with a range of ligand densities (0.00, 2.03, 2.60 and 3.18 mmol/mL) using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and c-phycocyanin (CPC) as model proteins. The highest equilibrium binding capacity was found for the material presenting the lowest ligand density analysed (2.03 mmol/mL), adsorbing 73.7 ± 5.9 mg/mL and 38.0 ± 2.2 mg/mL of BSA and CPC, respectively. This novel 3D printed material displayed binding capacities in par or even higher than commercially available chromatographic resins. We expect that the herein presented approach of using bifunctional monomers, bearing commonly used chromatography ligands, will help overcome the material limitations currently refraining 3D printing applications in separation sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Simon
- Institute for Bioengineering, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Institute for Bioengineering, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK.
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Cheng C, Gupta M. Roll-to-Roll Surface Modification of Cellulose Paper via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cheng
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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12
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Koenig M, Lahann J. Vapor-based polymers: from films to nanostructures. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:2219-2220. [PMID: 29114448 PMCID: PMC5669229 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Koenig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan (UM), 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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