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Sun M, Wang S, Liang Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhang Y, Han L. Flexible Graphene Field-Effect Transistors and Their Application in Flexible Biomedical Sensing. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 17:34. [PMID: 39373823 PMCID: PMC11458861 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics are transforming our lives by making daily activities more convenient. Central to this innovation are field-effect transistors (FETs), valued for their efficient signal processing, nanoscale fabrication, low-power consumption, fast response times, and versatility. Graphene, known for its exceptional mechanical properties, high electron mobility, and biocompatibility, is an ideal material for FET channels and sensors. The combination of graphene and FETs has given rise to flexible graphene field-effect transistors (FGFETs), driving significant advances in flexible electronics and sparked a strong interest in flexible biomedical sensors. Here, we first provide a brief overview of the basic structure, operating mechanism, and evaluation parameters of FGFETs, and delve into their material selection and patterning techniques. The ability of FGFETs to sense strains and biomolecular charges opens up diverse application possibilities. We specifically analyze the latest strategies for integrating FGFETs into wearable and implantable flexible biomedical sensors, focusing on the key aspects of constructing high-quality flexible biomedical sensors. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and prospects of FGFETs and their applications in biomedical sensors. This review will provide valuable insights and inspiration for ongoing research to improve the quality of FGFETs and broaden their application prospects in flexible biomedical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Sun
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbo Liang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Cao X, Hu X, Qiu Z, Xu T, Yu Z, Li Z, Jin H, Xu B. Ultrasensitive FET biosensor chip based on self-assembled organic nanoporous membrane for femtomolar detection of Amyloid-β. Biomed Microdevices 2023; 25:25. [PMID: 37470844 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is critical for preventing disease progression, however, the diagnosis of AD remains challenging for most patients due to limitations of current sensing technologies. A common pathological feature found in AD-affected brains is the accumulation of Amyloid-β (Aβ) polypeptides, which lead to neurofibrillary tangles and neuroinflammatory plaques. Here, we developed a portable ultrasensitive FET biosensor chip based on a self-assembled nanoporous membrane for ultrasensitive detection of Aβ protein in complex environments. The microscale semiconductor channel was covered with a self-assembled organic nanoporous membrane modified by antibody molecules to pick up and amplify the Aβ protein signal. The nanoporous structure helps protect the sensitive channel from non-target proteins and improves its stability since no chemical functionalization process involved, largely reduces background noise of the sensing platform. When a bio-gated target is captured, the doping state of the polymer bulk could be tuned and amplified the strength of the weak signal, achieving ultrasensitive detecting performance (enabling the device to detect target protein less than 1 fg/ml in 1 µl sample). Moreover, the device simplifies the circuit connection by integrating all the connections on a 2 cm × 2 cm chip, avoiding expensive and complex manufacturing processes, and makes it usable for portable prognosis. We believe that this ultrasensitive, portable, low-cost Aβ sensor chip shows the great potential in the early diagnosis of AD and large-scale population screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Cao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziyi Qiu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Huawei Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen Campus, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Substrate-Driven Atomic Layer Deposition of High-κ Dielectrics on 2D Materials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112211052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of high-κ dielectrics on two-dimensional (2D) materials (including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides) still represents a challenge due to the lack of out-of-plane bonds on the pristine surfaces of 2D materials, thus making the nucleation process highly disadvantaged. The typical methods to promote the nucleation (i.e., the predeposition of seed layers or the surface activation via chemical treatments) certainly improve the ALD growth but can affect, to some extent, the electronic properties of 2D materials and the interface with high-κ dielectrics. Hence, direct ALD on 2D materials without seed and functionalization layers remains highly desirable. In this context, a crucial role can be played by the interaction with the substrate supporting the 2D membrane. In particular, metallic substrates such as copper or gold have been found to enhance the ALD nucleation of Al2O3 and HfO2 both on monolayer (1 L) graphene and MoS2. Similarly, uniform ALD growth of Al2O3 on the surface of 1 L epitaxial graphene (EG) on SiC (0001) has been ascribed to the peculiar EG/SiC interface properties. This review provides a detailed discussion of the substrate-driven ALD growth of high-κ dielectrics on 2D materials, mainly on graphene and MoS2. The nucleation mechanism and the influence of the ALD parameters (namely the ALD temperature and cycle number) on the coverage as well as the structural and electrical properties of the deposited high-κ thin films are described. Finally, the open challenges for applications are discussed.
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Kitadai H, Yuan M, Ma Y, Ling X. Graphene-Based Environmental Sensors: Electrical and Optical Devices. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082165. [PMID: 33918751 PMCID: PMC8070241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review paper, we summarized the recent progress of using graphene as a sensing platform for environmental applications. Especially, we highlight the electrical and optical sensing devices developed based on graphene and its derivatives. We discussed the role of graphene in these devices, the sensing mechanisms, and the advantages and disadvantages of specific devices. The approaches to improve the sensitivity and selectivity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Kitadai
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (H.K.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (H.K.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yongqiang Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (H.K.); (M.Y.)
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- The Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Correspondence:
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Lakshad Wimalananda MDS, Kim JK, Lee JM. Selective growth of monolayer and bilayer graphene patterns by a rapid growth method. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6727-6736. [PMID: 30901015 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of next-generation graphene requires the control of the number of deposition layers together with its fast synthesis for its use in advanced and miniaturized devices. Here, this article describes a novel technique for the selective growth of a continuous film of a graphene pattern (controlled monolayer/multilayer design) by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method on Cu foils modified by different plasma treatments. Ex situ Ar plasma treatment is the preferred treatment for monolayer graphene (I2D/IG = 1.81) synthesis. Bilayer graphene (I2D/IG = 1.05) growth was influenced by applying an additional oxygen plasma treatment, which led to different morphologies and control of the surface-active nature of Cu. The required design was achieved by a photolithography process. Graphene synthesis was performed by a short annealing process (60 s) followed by a single-step short burst of graphene growth (60 s). Relatively high density graphene nuclei with faster graphene growth resulted in monolayer graphene in the Ar plasma-treated area. Ex situ oxygen plasma treatment in selected areas was capable of controlling the amount of graphene nuclei formation, while the kink structure was capable of bolstering the adsorption of a relatively high amount of carbon adatoms, resulting in bilayer graphene.
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Amjadipour M, MacLeod J, Lipton-Duffin J, Tadich A, Boeckl JJ, Iacopi F, Motta N. Electron effective attenuation length in epitaxial graphene on SiC. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:025704. [PMID: 30382023 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae7ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The inelastic mean free path (IMFP) for carbon-based materials is notoriously challenging to model, and moving from bulk materials to 2D materials may exacerbate this problem, making the accurate measurements of IMFP in 2D carbon materials critical. The overlayer-film method is a common experimental method to estimate IMFP by measuring electron effective attenuation length (EAL). This estimation relies on an assumption that elastic scattering effects are negligible. We report here an experimental measurement of electron EAL in epitaxial graphene on SiC using photoelectron spectroscopy over an electron kinetic energy range of 50-1150 eV. We find a significant effect of the interface between the 2D carbon material and the substrate, indicating that the attenuation length in the so-called 'buffer layer' is smaller than for free-standing graphene. Our results also suggest that the existing models for estimating IMFPs may not adequately capture the physics of electron interactions in 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Amjadipour
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Singh E, Meyyappan M, Nalwa HS. Flexible Graphene-Based Wearable Gas and Chemical Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34544-34586. [PMID: 28876901 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics is expected to be one of the most active research areas in the next decade; therefore, nanomaterials possessing high carrier mobility, optical transparency, mechanical robustness and flexibility, lightweight, and environmental stability will be in immense demand. Graphene is one of the nanomaterials that fulfill all these requirements, along with other inherently unique properties and convenience to fabricate into different morphological nanostructures, from atomically thin single layers to nanoribbons. Graphene-based materials have also been investigated in sensor technologies, from chemical sensing to detection of cancer biomarkers. The progress of graphene-based flexible gas and chemical sensors in terms of material preparation, sensor fabrication, and their performance are reviewed here. The article provides a brief introduction to graphene-based materials and their potential applications in flexible and stretchable wearable electronic devices. The role of graphene in fabricating flexible gas sensors for the detection of various hazardous gases, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and humidity in wearable technology, is discussed. In addition, applications of graphene-based materials are also summarized in detecting toxic heavy metal ions (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Ag), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including nitrobenzene, toluene, acetone, formaldehyde, amines, phenols, bisphenol A (BPA), explosives, chemical warfare agents, and environmental pollutants. The sensitivity, selectivity and strategies for excluding interferents are also discussed for graphene-based gas and chemical sensors. The challenges for developing future generation of flexible and stretchable sensors for wearable technology that would be usable for the Internet of Things (IoT) are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Singh
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - M Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Hari Singh Nalwa
- Advanced Technology Research , 26650 The Old Road, Valencia, California 91381, United States
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