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Jasulaneca L, Poplausks R, Prikulis J, Dzene E, Yager T, Erts D. Characterization of Mechanical Oscillations in Bismuth Selenide Nanowires at Low Temperatures. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1910. [PMID: 37893347 PMCID: PMC10609109 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A single transistor preamplifier circuit was designed to facilitate electrical detection of mechanical oscillations in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMSs) at low temperatures. The amplifier was integrated in the close vicinity of the nanowire inside the cryostat to minimize cabling load and interference. The function of the circuit was impedance conversion for current flow measurements in NEMSs with a high internal resistance. The circuit was tested to operate at temperatures as low as 5 K and demonstrated the ability to detect oscillations in double-clamped bismuth selenide nanowires upon excitation by a 0.1 MHz-10 MHz AC signal applied to a mechanically separated gate electrode. A strong resonance frequency dependency on temperature was observed. A relatively weak shift in the oscillation amplitude and resonance frequency was measured when a DC bias voltage was applied to the gate electrode at a constant temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Jasulaneca
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (J.P.); (E.D.); (D.E.)
| | - Raimonds Poplausks
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (J.P.); (E.D.); (D.E.)
| | - Juris Prikulis
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (J.P.); (E.D.); (D.E.)
| | - Elza Dzene
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (J.P.); (E.D.); (D.E.)
| | - Tom Yager
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., LV-1063 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Donats Erts
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia; (R.P.); (J.P.); (E.D.); (D.E.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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Shi Y, Shen Z. Recent Advances in Flexible RF MEMS. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071088. [PMID: 35888905 PMCID: PMC9315774 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) that are based on flexible substrates are widely used in flexible, reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) systems, such as RF MEMS switches, phase shifters, reconfigurable antennas, phased array antennas and resonators, etc. When attempting to accommodate flexible deformation with the movable structures of MEMS, flexible RF MEMS are far more difficult to structurally design and fabricate than rigid MEMS devices or other types of flexible electronics. In this review, we survey flexible RF MEMS with different functions, their flexible film materials and their fabrication process technologies. In addition, a fabrication process for reconfigurable three-dimensional (3D) RF devices based on mechanically guided assembly is introduced. The review is very helpful to understand the overall advances in flexible RF MEMS, and serves the purpose of providing a reference source for innovative researchers working in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Shi
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (USETC), Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Zhigang Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Powder Technology Research and Development, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence:
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Cai T, Fang Y, Fang Y, Li R, Yu Y, Huang M. Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:390-403. [PMID: 35529805 PMCID: PMC9039526 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrostatic pull-in effect is a common phenomenon and a key parameter in the design of microscale and nanoscale devices. Flexible electronic devices based on the pull-in effect have attracted increasing attention due to their unique ductility. This review summarizes nanoelectromechanical switches made by flexible materials and classifies and discusses their applications in, among others, radio frequency systems, microfluidic systems, and electrostatic discharge protection. It is supposed to give researchers a more comprehensive understanding of the pull-in phenomenon and the development of its applications. Also, the review is meant to provide a reference for engineers to design and optimize devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Cai
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuming Fang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingli Fang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruozhou Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyang Huang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
We here report on the direct observation of ferroelectric properties of water ice in its 2D phase. Upon nanoelectromechanical confinement between two graphene layers, water forms a 2D ice phase at room temperature that exhibits a strong and permanent dipole which depends on the previously applied field, representing clear evidence for ferroelectric ordering. Characterization of this permanent polarization with respect to varying water partial pressure and temperature reveals the importance of forming a monolayer of 2D ice for ferroelectric ordering which agrees with ab-initio and molecular dynamics simulations conducted. The observed robust ferroelectric properties of 2D ice enable novel nanoelectromechanical devices that exhibit memristive properties. A unique bipolar mechanical switching behavior is observed where previous charging history controls the transition voltage between low-resistance and high-resistance state. This advance enables the realization of rugged, non-volatile, mechanical memory exhibiting switching ratios of 106, 4 bit storage capabilities and no degradation after 10,000 switching cycles. Ferroelectric ordering of water has been at the heart of intense debates due to its importance in enhancing our understanding of the condensed matter. Here, the authors observe ferroelectric properties of water ice in a two dimensional phase under confinement between two graphene layers.
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Fabrication and Characterization of Double- and Single-Clamped CuO Nanowire Based Nanoelectromechanical Switches. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010117. [PMID: 33419203 PMCID: PMC7825539 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatically actuated nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches hold promise for operation with sharply defined ON/OFF states, high ON/OFF current ratio, low OFF state power consumption, and a compact design. The present challenge for the development of nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) technology is fabrication of single nanowire based NEM switches. In this work, we demonstrate the first application of CuO nanowires as NEM switch active elements. We develop bottom-up and top-down approaches for NEM switch fabrication, such as CuO nanowire synthesis, lithography, etching, dielectrophoretic alignment of nanowires on electrodes, and nanomanipulations for building devices that are suitable for scalable production. Theoretical modelling finds the device geometry that is necessary for volatile switching. The modelling results are validated by constructing gateless double-clamped and single-clamped devices on-chip that show robust and repeatable switching. The proposed design and fabrication route enable the scalable integration of bottom-up synthesized nanowires in NEMS.
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Sondors R, Kosmaca J, Kunakova G, Jasulaneca L, Ramma MM, Meija R, Kauranens E, Antsov M, Erts D. Size Distribution, Mechanical and Electrical Properties of CuO Nanowires Grown by Modified Thermal Oxidation Methods. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1051. [PMID: 32486063 PMCID: PMC7352277 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Size distribution, Young's moduli and electrical resistivity are investigated for CuO nanowires synthesized by different thermal oxidation methods. Oxidation in dry and wet air were applied for synthesis both with and without an external electrical field. An increased yield of high aspect ratio nanowires with diameters below 100 nm is achieved by combining applied electric field and growth conditions with additional water vapour at the first stage of synthesis. Young's moduli determined from resonance and bending experiments show similar diameter dependencies and increase above 200 GPa for nanowires with diameters narrower than 50 nm. The nanowires synthesized by simple thermal oxidation possess electrical resistivities about one order of magnitude lower than the nanowires synthesized by electric field assisted approach in wet air. The high aspect ratio, mechanical strength and robust electrical properties suggest CuO nanowires as promising candidates for NEMS actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raitis Sondors
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.S.); (J.K.); (G.K.); (L.J.); (M.M.R.); (R.M.); (E.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Jelena Kosmaca
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.S.); (J.K.); (G.K.); (L.J.); (M.M.R.); (R.M.); (E.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Gunta Kunakova
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.S.); (J.K.); (G.K.); (L.J.); (M.M.R.); (R.M.); (E.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Liga Jasulaneca
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.S.); (J.K.); (G.K.); (L.J.); (M.M.R.); (R.M.); (E.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Matiss Martins Ramma
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.S.); (J.K.); (G.K.); (L.J.); (M.M.R.); (R.M.); (E.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Raimonds Meija
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.S.); (J.K.); (G.K.); (L.J.); (M.M.R.); (R.M.); (E.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Edijs Kauranens
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.S.); (J.K.); (G.K.); (L.J.); (M.M.R.); (R.M.); (E.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Mikk Antsov
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.S.); (J.K.); (G.K.); (L.J.); (M.M.R.); (R.M.); (E.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Donats Erts
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (R.S.); (J.K.); (G.K.); (L.J.); (M.M.R.); (R.M.); (E.K.); (M.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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Meija R, Livshits AI, Kosmaca J, Jasulaneca L, Andzane J, Biswas S, Holmes JD, Erts D. Resonance assisted jump-in voltage reduction for electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based gateless NEM switches. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:385203. [PMID: 31216518 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2b11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based electromechanical switches have shown promise for versatile novel applications, such as low power devices. However, their widespread use is restricted due to poor reliability resulting from high jump-in voltages. This article reports a new method for lowering the jump-in voltage by inducing mechanical oscillations in the active element during the switching ON process, reducing the jump-in voltage by more than three times. Ge0.91Sn0.09 alloy and Bi2Se3 nanowire-based nanoelectromechanical switches were constructed in situ to demonstrate the operation principles and advantages of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meija
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, Latvia
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Kosmaca J, Meija R, Antsov M, Kunakova G, Sondors R, Iatsunskyi I, Coy E, Doherty J, Biswas S, Holmes JD, Erts D. Investigating the mechanical properties of GeSn nanowires. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:13612-13619. [PMID: 31290891 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02740h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Germanium tin (GeSn) has been proposed as a promising material for electronic and optical applications due to the formation of a direct band-gap at a Sn content >7 at%. Furthermore, the ability to manipulate the properties of GeSn at the nanoscale will further permit the realisation of advanced mechanical devices. Here we report for the first time the mechanical properties of GeSn nanowires (7.1-9.7 at% Sn) and assess their suitability as nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches. Electron microscopy analysis showed the nanowires to be single crystalline, with surfaces covered by a thin native amorphous oxide layer. Mechanical resonance and bending tests at different boundary conditions were used to obtain size-dependent Young's moduli and to relate the mechanical characteristics of the alloy nanowires to geometry and Sn incorporation. The mechanical properties of the GeSn nanowires make them highly promising for applications in next generation NEM devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kosmaca
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Raimonds Meija
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Mikk Antsov
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Gunta Kunakova
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Raitis Sondors
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Igor Iatsunskyi
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej str. 3, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej str. 3, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jessica Doherty
- School of Chemistry, ERI and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland and AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- School of Chemistry, ERI and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland and AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Justin D Holmes
- School of Chemistry, ERI and the Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland and AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Donats Erts
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia. and Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas str., Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
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