1
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Poole W, Peron F, Fox SJ, Wells N, Skylaris CK, Essex JW, Kuprov I, Linclau B. Conformational Analysis of 1,3-Difluorinated Alkanes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8789-8803. [PMID: 38820049 PMCID: PMC11197103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Fluorine substitution can have a profound impact on molecular conformation. Here, we present a detailed conformational analysis of how the 1,3-difluoropropylene motif (-CHF-CH2-CHF-) determines the conformational profiles of 1,3-difluoropropane, anti- and syn-2,4-difluoropentane, and anti- and syn-3,5-difluoroheptane. It is shown that the 1,3-difluoropropylene motif strongly influences alkane chain conformation, with a significant dependence on the polarity of the medium. The conformational effect of 1,3-fluorination is magnified upon chain extension, which contrasts with vicinal difluorination. Experimental evidence was obtained from NMR analysis, where polynomial complexity scaling simulation algorithms were necessary to enable J-coupling extraction from the strong second-order spectra, particularly for the large 16-spin systems of the difluorinated heptanes. These results improve our understanding of the conformational control toolkit for aliphatic chains, yield simple rules for conformation population analysis, and demonstrate quantum mechanical time-domain NMR simulations for liquid state systems with large numbers of strongly coupled spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
G. Poole
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Florent Peron
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Fox
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Neil Wells
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Jonathan W. Essex
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Ilya Kuprov
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
- Department
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan
281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Cong F, Sun GQ, Ye SH, Hu R, Rao W, Koh MJ. A Bimolecular Homolytic Substitution-Enabled Platform for Multicomponent Cross-Coupling of Unactivated Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10274-10280. [PMID: 38568080 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds remains one of the most difficult challenges in cross-coupling chemistry. Here, we report a photoredox/nickel dual catalytic approach that enables the simultaneous formation of two C(sp3)-C(sp3) linkages via trimolecular cross-coupling of alkenes with alkyl halides and hypervalent iodine-based reagents. The reaction harnesses a bimolecular homolytic substitution (SH2) mechanism and chemoselective halogen-atom transfer (XAT) to orchestrate the regioselective addition of electrophilic and nucleophilic alkyl radicals across unactivated alkenes without the need for a directing auxiliary. Utility is highlighted through late-stage (fluoro)alkylation and (trideutero)methylation of C═C bonds bearing different substitution patterns, offering straightforward access to drug-like molecules comprising sp3-hybridized carbon scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
| | - Guo-Quan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
| | - Si-Han Ye
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weidong Rao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Republic of Singapore, 117544
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3
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Epplin RC, Gulder T. Enyne difluorination. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1484-1485. [PMID: 37907608 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Epplin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Gulder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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4
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Wang ZX, Livingstone K, Hümpel C, Daniliuc CG, Mück-Lichtenfeld C, Gilmour R. Regioselective, catalytic 1,1-difluorination of enynes. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1515-1522. [PMID: 37845310 PMCID: PMC10624631 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated small molecules are prevalent across the functional small-molecule spectrum, but the scarcity of naturally occurring sources creates an opportunity for creative endeavour in developing routes to access these important materials. Iodine(I)/iodine(III) catalysis has proven to be particularly well-suited to this task, enabling abundant alkene substrates to be readily intercepted by in situ-generated λ3-iodanes and processed to high-value (di)fluorinated products. These organocatalysis paradigms often emulate metal-based processes by engaging the π bond and, in the case of styrenes, facilitating fluorinative phenonium-ion rearrangements to generate difluoromethylene units. Here we demonstrate that enynes are competent proxies for styrenes, thereby mitigating the recurrent need for aryl substituents, and enabling highly versatile homopropargylic difluorides to be generated in an operationally simple manner. The scope of the method is disclosed, together with application in target synthesis (>30 examples, up to >90% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Wang
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Keith Livingstone
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carla Hümpel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany.
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5
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Zhang ZQ, Wang CQ, Li LJ, Piper JL, Peng ZH, Ma JA, Zhang FG, Wu J. Programmable synthesis of difluorinated hydrocarbons from alkenes through a photocatalytic linchpin strategy. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11546-11553. [PMID: 37886092 PMCID: PMC10599468 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03951j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of difluoromethylene moieties into organic molecules has garnered significant attention due to their profound influence on the physicochemical and biological properties of compounds. Nonetheless, the existing approaches for accessing difluoroalkanes from readily available feedstock chemicals remain limited. In this study, we present an efficient and modular protocol for the synthesis of difluorinated compounds from alkenes, employing the readily accessible reagent, ClCF2SO2Na, as a versatile "difluoromethylene" linchpin. By means of an organophotoredox-catalysed hydrochlorodifluoromethylation of alkenes, followed by a ligated boryl radical-facilitated halogen atom transfer (XAT) process, we have successfully obtained various difluorinated compounds, including gem-difluoroalkanes, gem-difluoroalkenes, difluoromethyl alkanes, and difluoromethyl alkenes, with satisfactory yields. The practical utility of this linchpin strategy has been demonstrated through the successful preparation of CF2-linked derivatives of complex drugs and natural products. This method opens up new avenues for the synthesis of structurally diverse difluorinated hydrocarbons and highlights the utility of ligated boryl radicals in organofluorine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Cheng-Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Long-Ji Li
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jared L Piper
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Medicine Eastern Point Rd, Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Zhi-Hui Peng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Medicine Eastern Point Rd, Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
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6
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Gauthier R, Paquin JF. Hydrofluorination of Alkynes: From (E) to (Z). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301896. [PMID: 37458694 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The hydrofluorination of alkynes is an efficient synthetic route to monofluoroalkenes or difluoroalkanes. Both fluorinated motifs have found applications in medicinal chemistry and beyond. This review explores the recent advances in the hydrofluorination of diverse alkynes through various activation methods, from classical coinage metal catalysis to metal-free conditions. The range of alkynes goes from the simplest unactivated alkynes to activated ones (ynones and derivatives, ynamides, alkynyl sulfides and sulfones as much as haloalkynes). Regio- and stereoselective methods exists, but there is still room for improvement depending on the type of alkyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Gauthier
- PROTEO, CCVC, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Paquin
- PROTEO, CCVC, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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7
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Yue WJ, Martin R. α-Difluoroalkylation of Benzyl Amines with Trifluoromethylarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310304. [PMID: 37596243 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
An α-difluoroalkylation of benzyl amines with trifluoromethylarenes is disclosed herein. This protocol is characterized by its operational simplicity, excellent chemoselectivity and broad scope-even with advanced synthetic intermediates-, thus offering a new entry point to medicinally-relevant α-difluoroalkylated amines from simple, yet readily accessible, precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Yue
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Arnold MR, Langelier MF, Gartrell J, Kirby IT, Sanderson DJ, Bejan DS, Šileikytė J, Sundalam SK, Nagarajan S, Marimuthu P, Duell AK, Shelat AA, Pascal JM, Cohen MS. Allosteric regulation of DNA binding and target residence time drive the cytotoxicity of phthalazinone-based PARP-1 inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1694-1708.e10. [PMID: 36493759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric coupling between the DNA binding site to the NAD+-binding pocket drives PARP-1 activation. This allosteric communication occurs in the reverse direction such that NAD+ mimetics can enhance PARP-1's affinity for DNA, referred to as type I inhibition. The cellular effects of type I inhibition are unknown, largely because of the lack of potent, membrane-permeable type I inhibitors. Here we identify the phthalazinone inhibitor AZ0108 as a type I inhibitor. Unlike the structurally related inhibitor olaparib, AZ0108 induces replication stress in tumorigenic cells. Synthesis of analogs of AZ0108 revealed features of AZ0108 that are required for type I inhibition. One analog, Pip6, showed similar type I inhibition of PARP-1 but was ∼90-fold more cytotoxic than AZ0108. Washout experiments suggest that the enhanced cytotoxicity of Pip6 compared with AZ0108 is due to prolonged target residence time on PARP-1. Pip6 represents a new class of PARP-1 inhibitors that may have unique anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah R Arnold
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Marie-France Langelier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jessica Gartrell
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ilsa T Kirby
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Daniel J Sanderson
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Daniel S Bejan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Justina Šileikytė
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Sunil K Sundalam
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Shanthi Nagarajan
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Parthiban Marimuthu
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anna K Duell
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michael S Cohen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk. Rd., Portland, OR 97210, USA.
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9
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Feng X, Ren J, Gao X, Min Q, Zhang X. 3,3‐Difluoroallyl Sulfonium Salts: Practical and Bench‐Stable Reagents for Highly Regioselective
gem
‐Difluoroallylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210103. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Tian Feng
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Jin‐Xiu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiao‐Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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10
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Feng XT, Ren JX, Gao X, Min QQ, Zhang X. 3,3‐Difluoroallyl Sulfonium Salts: Practical and Bench‐Stable Reagents for Highly Regioselective gem‐Difluoroallylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Feng
- Zhengzhou University Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou CHINA
| | - Jin-Xiu Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Linling road Shanghai CHINA
| | - Xing Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Qiao-Qiao Min
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 200032 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
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11
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Yue WJ, Day CS, Brenes Rucinski AJ, Martin R. Catalytic Hydrodifluoroalkylation of Unactivated Olefins. Org Lett 2022; 24:5109-5114. [PMID: 35815401 PMCID: PMC9490814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Yue
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Craig S. Day
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Adrian J. Brenes Rucinski
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Ren X, Gao X, Min QQ, Zhang S, Zhang X. (Fluoro)alkylation of alkenes promoted by photolysis of alkylzirconocenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3454-3460. [PMID: 35432852 PMCID: PMC8943901 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Difluoroalkylated compounds have important applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and materials science. However, efficient methods to construct the alkylCF2–alkyl bond are very limited, and the site-selective introduction of a difluoromethylene (CF2) group into an aliphatic chain at the desired position remains challenging. Here, we report an unprecedented example of alkylzirconocene promoted difluoroalkylation of alkyl- and silyl-alkenes with a variety of unactivated difluoroalkyl iodides and bromides under the irradiation of visible light without a catalyst. The resulting difluoroalkylated compounds can serve as versatile synthons in organic synthesis. The reaction can also be applied to activated difluoroalkyl, trifluoromethyl, perfluoroalkyl, monofluoroalkyl, and nonfluorinated alkyl halides, providing a general method to controllably access fluorinated compounds. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that a single electron transfer (SET) pathway induced by a Zr(iii) species is involved in the reaction, in which the Zr(iii) species is generated by the photolysis of alkylzirconocene with blue light. An unprecedented example of alkylzirconocene promoted difluoroalkylation of alkyl- and silyl-alkenes with a variety of fluoroalkyl and nonfluoroalkyl halides under the irradiation of visible light has been reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Ren
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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13
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Zhi-Qiang L, Cheng-Qiang W, Chao F. Facile Synthesis of Allylic gem-Difluorides Enabled by Novel 3,3-Difluoroallyl Sulfonium Salts. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Shaitanova EN, Balabon OA, Rybakova AN, Khlebnicova TS, Lakhvich FA, Gerus II. Synthesis of functionalized fluoroalkyl pyrimidines and pyrazoles from fluoroalkyl enones. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Regiospecific Positioning of Palmitic Acid in Triacylglycerol Structure of Enzymatically Modified Lipids Affects Physicochemical and In Vitro Digestion Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134015. [PMID: 34209258 PMCID: PMC8271560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripalmitin-(PPP, 81.2%), 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol-(POP, 64.4%), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoylglycerol-(PPO, 86.5%), and 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol-(OPO, 50.2%)-rich lipids with different regiospecific positions of palmitic acid (P) were synthesized via acetone fractionation and lipase-catalyzed acidolysis, and their physicochemical and hydrolytic characteristics were compared. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) with higher content of P, wherein P was at the sn-1 (or 3) position, had higher melting points, crystallization temperatures, and packing densities of fat crystals compared to those with a lower content of P, and with P at the sn-2 position. The in vitro digestion degree calculated as released fatty acid (FA) (%) at 30, 60, and 120 min was in the following order: OPO-rich > PPO-rich > POP-rich lipids. At 120 min, in vitro digestion of the OPO-rich lipid released 92.6% of fatty acids, resulting in the highest digestibility, while 89.7% and 87.2% of fatty acids were released from the OPO-rich and PPO-rich lipids, respectively. Over the digestion period, the TAG and monoacylglycerol (MAG) contents decreased, while the diacylglycerol (DAG) content initially increased and then decreased, and the 1,2-DAG content exceeded the 1,3-DAG content. Therefore, the content and stereospecific position of P attached to a specific TAG affected the physicochemical and in vitro digestion characteristics of the lipids.
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16
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Akiyama S, Oyama N, Endo T, Kubota K, Ito H. A Copper(I)-Catalyzed Radical-Relay Reaction Enabling the Intermolecular 1,2-Alkylborylation of Unactivated Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5260-5268. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sota Akiyama
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Natsuki Oyama
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tsubura Endo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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17
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Troup RI, Jeffries B, Saudain REB, Georgiou E, Fish J, Scott JS, Chiarparin E, Fallan C, Linclau B. Skipped Fluorination Motifs: Synthesis of Building Blocks and Comparison of Lipophilicity Trends with Vicinal and Isolated Fluorination Motifs. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1882-1900. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert I. Troup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Benjamin Jeffries
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Eleni Georgiou
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Johanna Fish
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - James S. Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Charlene Fallan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Bruno Linclau
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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18
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Abstract
A routine synthesis was performed to furnish the title compound which incorporates a versatile difluoromethyl group on the aniline substitution of a 4-anilinoquinoline kinase inhibitor motif. In addition, the small molecule crystal structure (of the HCl salt) was solved, which uncovered that the difluoromethyl group was disordered within the packing arrangement and also a 126.08(7)° out of plane character between the respective ring systems within the molecule. The compound was fully characterized with 1H/13C-NMR and high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS), with the procedures described.
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19
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Trost BM, Tracy JS, Yusoontorn T, Hung CJ. Acyclic Branched α‐Fluoro Ketones for the Direct Asymmetric Mannich Reaction Leading to the Synthesis of β‐Tetrasubstituted β‐Fluoro Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2370-2374. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Dr Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Jacob S. Tracy
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Dr Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Tas Yusoontorn
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Dr Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Chao‐I Joey Hung
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Dr Stanford CA 94305 USA
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20
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21
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Trost BM, Tracy JS, Yusoontorn T, Hung CJ. Acyclic Branched α‐Fluoro Ketones for the Direct Asymmetric Mannich Reaction Leading to the Synthesis of β‐Tetrasubstituted β‐Fluoro Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M. Trost
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Dr Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Jacob S. Tracy
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Dr Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Tas Yusoontorn
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Dr Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Chao‐I Joey Hung
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Dr Stanford CA 94305 USA
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22
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Jeffries B, Wang Z, Felstead HR, Le Questel JY, Scott JS, Chiarparin E, Graton J, Linclau B. Systematic Investigation of Lipophilicity Modulation by Aliphatic Fluorination Motifs. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1002-1031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jeffries
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Hannah R. Felstead
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Jean-Yves Le Questel
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière − BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - James S. Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB40WG, U.K
| | | | - Jérôme Graton
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière − BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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23
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Pertusati F, Ferla S, Bassetto M, Brancale A, Khandil S, Westwell AD, McGuigan C. A new series of bicalutamide, enzalutamide and enobosarm derivatives carrying pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) and pentafluoroethyl (C2F5) substituents: Improved antiproliferative agents against prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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24
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3,4-Dideoxy-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro- and 4-OH epimeric 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoro-α-GalCer analogues: Synthesis and biological evaluation on human iNKT cells stimulation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:195-213. [PMID: 31185411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
iNKT cells recognize CD1d/α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) complexes via their invariant TCR receptor and stimulate the immune response. Many α-GalCer analogues have been investigated to interrogate this interaction. Following our previous work related to the modification of the hydrogen bond network between α-GalCer and CD1d, we have now focused our attention on the synthesis of 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoro- and 3,4-dideoxy-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-α-GalCer analogues, and studied their ability to stimulate human iNKT cells. In each case, deoxygenation at the indicated positions was accompanied by difluoro introduction in order to evaluate the resulting electronic effect on the stability of the ternary CD1d/Galcer/TCR complex which has been rationalized by modeling study. With deoxy-difluorination at the 3-position, the two epimeric 4-OH analogues were investigated to establish their capacity to compensate for the lack of the hydrogen bond donating group at the 3-position. The 3,4-dideoxytetrafluoro analogue was of interest to highlight the amide NH-bond hydrogen bond properties.
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25
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Ivasyshyn V, Smit H, Chiechi RC. Synthesis of a Hominal Bis(difluoromethyl) Fragment. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:14140-14150. [PMID: 31497734 PMCID: PMC6714539 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of a discrete unit of hominal bis(gem-CF2). The controlled introduction of fluorine atoms is a powerful synthetic tool to introduce dipole moments with minimal impact to sterics. Poly(vinylidene difluoride) is a striking example of the influence of fluorine atoms, which impart ferroelectric behavior from the alignment of the dipole moments of CF2 units; however, it is prepared via direct polymerization of vinylidene difluoride. Thus, a different synthetic pathway is required to produce synthons containing discrete numbers of CF2 groups in a hominal relation to each other. We found out that, in the case of short chains, the consecutive deoxofluorination of sequentially introduced keto groups is inefficient, as it requires harsh conditions and decreasing yields at each step. To solve this problem, we combined the selective desulfurative fluorination of dithiolanes with pyridinium fluoride and the deoxofluorination of keto groups with morpholinosulfur trifluoride. This strategy is highly reproducible and scalable, allowing the synthesis of the hominal bis(gem-CF2) fragment as a shelf-stable tosylate, which can be used to install discrete chains of hominal bis(gem-CF2) on a variety of synthons and monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Ivasyshyn
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Smit
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Cogswell TJ, Dahlén A, Knerr L. Synthesis of Diverse α-Fluoroalkoxyaryl Derivatives and Their Use for the Generation of Fluorinated Macrocycles. Chemistry 2018; 25:1184-1187. [PMID: 30329185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of difluorinated functionality has emerged as a powerful means for conformational design with minimal steric footprint. Synthetic approaches for the preparation of aryl difluoromethylene ether containing novel building blocks were established, enabling the inclusion of the aryl difluoromethylene ether system into macrocyclic scaffolds for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Cogswell
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, SE-431 89, Sweden
| | - Anders Dahlén
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, SE-431 89, Sweden
| | - Laurent Knerr
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, SE-431 89, Sweden
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27
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Supranovich VI, Levin VV, Struchkova MI, Hu J, Dilman AD. Visible light-mediated difluoroalkylation of electron-deficient alkenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1637-1641. [PMID: 30013689 PMCID: PMC6036985 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the reductive difluoroalkylation of electron-deficient alkenes using 1,1-difluorinated iodides mediated by irradiation with blue light is described. The reaction involves radical addition of 1,1-difluorinated radicals at the double bond followed by hydrogen atom transfer from sodium cyanoborohydride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav I Supranovich
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Marina I Struchkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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28
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1347] [Impact Index Per Article: 224.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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29
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Jones MJ, Callejo R, Slawin AMZ, Bühl M, O'Hagan D. Organofluorine chemistry: Difluoromethylene motifs spaced 1,3 to each other imparts facial polarity to a cyclohexane ring. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 12:2823-2827. [PMID: 28144355 PMCID: PMC5238547 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
2,2-Dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,1,3,3-tetrafluororocyclohexane has been prepared and characterised as an example of a facially polarised cyclohexane containing 1,3 related CF2 groups. The dipolar nature of the ring arises from the axial orientation of two of the C-F bonds pointing in the same direction, and set by the chair conformation of the cyclohexane. This electrostatic profile is revealed experimentally both in the solid-state (X-ray) packing of the rings and by solution (NMR) in different solvents. A computationally derived electrostatic profile of this compound is consistent with a more electronegative and a more electropositive face of the cyclohexane ring. This placing of CF2 groups 1,3 to each other in a cyclohexane ring is introduced as a new design strategy which could be applicable to the preparation of polar hydrophobic cyclohexane motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J Jones
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Ricardo Callejo
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David O'Hagan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK
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30
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Zhang Z, Koh CY, Ranade RM, Shibata S, Gillespie JR, Hulverson MA, Huang W, Nguyen J, Pendem N, Gelb MH, Verlinde CLMJ, Hol WGJ, Buckner FS, Fan E. 5-Fluoroimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine Is a Privileged Fragment That Conveys Bioavailability to Potent Trypanosomal Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:399-404. [PMID: 27627628 PMCID: PMC5108244 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Fluorination
is a well-known strategy for improving the bioavailability of drug
molecules. However, its impact on efficacy is not easily predicted.
On the basis of inhibitor-bound protein crystal structures, we found
a beneficial fluorination spot for inhibitors targeting methionyl-tRNA
synthetase of Trypanosoma brucei. In
particular, incorporating 5-fluoroimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine
into inhibitors leads to central nervous system bioavailability and
maintained or even improved efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Cho Yeow Koh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ranae M. Ranade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging
Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican
Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - J. Robert Gillespie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging
Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican
Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging
Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican
Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jasmine Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nagendar Pendem
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christophe L. M. J. Verlinde
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Wim G. J. Hol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Frederick S. Buckner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, and the Center for Emerging and Re-emerging
Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, 750 Republican
Street, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Erkang Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, 1705 N.E. Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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31
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Callejo R, Corr MJ, Yang M, Wang M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, O'Hagan D. Fluorinated Musk Fragrances: The CF2 Group as a Conformational Bias Influencing the Odour of Civetone and (R)-Muscone. Chemistry 2016; 22:8137-51. [PMID: 27149882 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The difluoromethylene (CF2 ) group has a strong tendency to adopt corner over edge locations in aliphatic macrocycles. In this study, the CF2 group has been introduced into musk relevant macrocyclic ketones. Nine civetone and five muscone analogues have been prepared by synthesis for structure and odour comparisons. X-ray studies indeed show that the CF2 groups influence ring structure and they give some insight into the preferred ring conformations, triggering a musk odour as determined in a professional perfumery environment. The historical conformational model of Bersuker and co-workers for musk fragrance generally holds, and structures that become distorted from this consensus, by the particular placement of the CF2 groups, lose their musk fragrance and become less pleasant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Callejo
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Michael J Corr
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Mingyan Yang
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.,Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - David B Cordes
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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32
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Zemtsov AA, Volodin AD, Levin VV, Struchkova MI, Dilman AD. Coupling of α,α-difluoro-substituted organozinc reagents with 1-bromoalkynes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2145-9. [PMID: 26664635 PMCID: PMC4660974 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α,α-Difluoro-substituted organozinc reagents generated from conventional organozinc compounds and difluorocarbene couple with 1-bromoalkynes affording gem-difluorinated alkynes. The cross-coupling proceeds in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper iodide in dimethylformamide under ligand-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A Zemtsov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Volodin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation ; Higher Chemical College, Russian Academy of Sciences, 125047 Moscow, Miusskaya sq. 9, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Marina I Struchkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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33
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Corr MJ, Cormanich RA, von Hahmann CN, Bühl M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, O'Hagan D. Fluorine in fragrances: exploring the difluoromethylene (CF2) group as a conformational constraint in macrocyclic musk lactones. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 14:211-9. [PMID: 26584449 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CF2 group is incorporated into specific positions within the lactone ring of the natural musk lactone, (12R)-(+)-12-methyl-13-tridecanolide, a constituent of Angelica root oil, Angelica archangelica L. The approach is taken as it was anticipated that CF2 groups would dictate corner locations in the macrocycle and limit the conformational space available to the lactone. Three fluorine containing lactones are prepared by organic synthesis. One (8) has CF2 groups located at the C-6 and C-9 positions, another (9) with CF2 groups at the C-5 and C-9 positions, and a third (10) with a CF2 group at C-8. Two of the fluorine containing lactones (8 and 10) were sufficiently crystalline to obtain X-ray crystal structures which revealed that the CF2 groups do adopt corner locations. All three lactones were subject to computational analysis at the B3LYP-D3/6-311+G** level to assess the relative energies of different conformers. In all cases, the global minima and most of the lowest energy minima have squared/rectangular geometries and located the CF2 groups at the corners. The lowest energy structures for 8 and 10 closely approximated the observed X-ray structures, suggesting good convergence of theory and experiment in determining relevant low energy conformations. All three compounds retained a pleasant odour suggesting the rings retained sufficient conformational flexibility to access relevant olfactory conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Corr
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
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34
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Abstract
The role of fluorine in drug design and development is expanding rapidly as we learn more about the unique properties associated with this unusual element and how to deploy it with greater sophistication. The judicious introduction of fluorine into a molecule can productively influence conformation, pKa, intrinsic potency, membrane permeability, metabolic pathways, and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, (18)F has been established as a useful positron emitting isotope for use with in vivo imaging technology that potentially has extensive application in drug discovery and development, often limited only by convenient synthetic accessibility to labeled compounds. The wide ranging applications of fluorine in drug design are providing a strong stimulus for the development of new synthetic methodologies that allow more facile access to a wide range of fluorinated compounds. In this review, we provide an update on the effects of the strategic incorporation of fluorine in drug molecules and applications in positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Gillis
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kyle J Eastman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Matthew D Hill
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - David J Donnelly
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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35
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Bogdan E, Compain G, Mtashobya L, Le Questel JY, Besseau F, Galland N, Linclau B, Graton J. Influence of Fluorination on the Conformational Properties and Hydrogen-Bond Acidity of Benzyl Alcohol Derivatives. Chemistry 2015; 21:11462-74. [PMID: 26130594 PMCID: PMC4531824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fluorination on the conformational and hydrogen-bond (HB)-donating properties of a series of benzyl alcohols has been investigated experimentally by IR spectroscopy and theoretically with quantum chemical methods (ab initio (MP2) and DFT (MPWB1K)). It was found that o-fluorination generally resulted in an increase in the HB acidity of the hydroxyl group, whereas a decrease was observed upon o,o′-difluorination. Computational analysis showed that the conformational landscapes of the title compounds are strongly influenced by the presence of o-fluorine atoms. Intramolecular interaction descriptors based on AIM, NCI and NBO analyses reveal that, in addition to an intramolecular OH⋅⋅⋅F interaction, secondary CH⋅⋅⋅F and/or CH⋅⋅⋅O interactions also occur, contributing to the stabilisation of the various conformations, and influencing the overall HB properties of the alcohol group. The benzyl alcohol HB-donating capacity trends are properly described by an electrostatic potential based descriptor calculated at the MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory, provided solvation effects are taken into account for these flexible HB donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bogdan
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 NANTES Cedex 3 (France), Fax: (+3) 2-51-12-54-02
| | - Guillaume Compain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK), Fax: (+44) 23-8059-6805
| | - Lewis Mtashobya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK), Fax: (+44) 23-8059-6805
| | - Jean-Yves Le Questel
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 NANTES Cedex 3 (France), Fax: (+3) 2-51-12-54-02
| | - François Besseau
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 NANTES Cedex 3 (France), Fax: (+3) 2-51-12-54-02
| | - Nicolas Galland
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 NANTES Cedex 3 (France), Fax: (+3) 2-51-12-54-02
| | - Bruno Linclau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ (UK), Fax: (+44) 23-8059-6805.
| | - Jérôme Graton
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 NANTES Cedex 3 (France), Fax: (+3) 2-51-12-54-02.
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail D. Kosobokov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V. Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Marina I. Struchkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D. Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninsky prosp. 47, Russian Federation
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37
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Hu XG, Thomas DS, Griffith R, Hunter L. Stereoselective Fluorination Alters the Geometry of a Cyclic Peptide: Exploration of Backbone-Fluorinated Analogues of Unguisin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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Hu XG, Thomas DS, Griffith R, Hunter L. Stereoselective fluorination alters the geometry of a cyclic peptide: exploration of backbone-fluorinated analogues of unguisin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6176-9. [PMID: 24848423 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
New methods for enhancing the efficiency of peptide cyclization, and for fine-tuning the conformations of cyclic peptides, are valuable from a drug development perspective. Herein stereoselective fluorination is investigated as a new strategy for achieving these goals. Four vicinal difluorinated analogues of the natural cyclic heptapeptide unguisin A have been efficiently synthesized. The analogues are found to adopt dramatically different secondary structures, controlled by the fluorine stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Guo Hu
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Australia, Sydney NSW 2052 (Australia) http://www.chemistry.unsw.edu.au/research/research-groups/hunter-group
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