1
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Adam L, Müller E, Ludwig K, Klenk S, Lauster D, Liese S, Herrmann A, Hackenberger CPR. Design and Functional Analysis of Heterobifunctional Multivalent Phage Capsid Inhibitors Blocking the Entry of Influenza Virus. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1269-1278. [PMID: 35759354 PMCID: PMC9305970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
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Multiple conjugation
of virus-binding ligands to multivalent carriers
is a prominent strategy to construct highly affine virus binders for
the inhibition of viral entry into host cells. In a previous study,
we introduced rationally designed sialic acid conjugates of bacteriophages
(Qβ) that match the triangular binding site geometry on hemagglutinin
spike proteins of influenza A virions, resulting in effective infection
inhibition in vitro and in vivo.
In this work, we demonstrate that even partially sialylated Qβ
conjugates retain the inhibitory effect despite reduced activity.
These observations not only support the importance of trivalent binding
events in preserving high affinity, as supported by computational
modeling, but also allow us to construct heterobifunctional modalities.
Capsids carrying two different sialic acid ligand–linker structures
showed higher viral inhibition than their monofunctional counterparts.
Furthermore, capsids carrying a fluorescent dye in addition to sialic
acid ligands were used to track their interaction with cells. These
findings support exploring broader applications as multivalent inhibitors
in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Adam
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Street 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Müller
- Institut für translationale HIV Forschung, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Virchowstree 171, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie und Gerätezentrum BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Simon Klenk
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Street 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Lauster
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Liese
- Max-Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Street 38, Dresden 01187, Germany.,Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Augsburg 86159, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Street 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Harvey DJ. ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND GLYCOCONJUGATES BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY: AN UPDATE FOR 2015-2016. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:408-565. [PMID: 33725404 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is the ninth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2016. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented over 30 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show no sign of deminishing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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3
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Matos MJ, Brown L, Bernardim B, Guerreiro A, Jiménez-Osés G, Bernardes GJL. Sequential dual site-selective protein labelling enabled by lysine modification. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115783. [PMID: 33007561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methods that allow for chemical site-selective dual protein modification are scarce. Here, we provide proof-of-concept for the orthogonality and compatibility of a method for regioselective lysine modification with strategies for protein modification at cysteine and genetically encoded ketone-tagged amino acids. This sequential, orthogonal approach was applied to albumin and a therapeutic antibody to create functional dual site-selectively labelled proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Matos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Libby Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara Bernardim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Guerreiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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4
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Tobola F, Sylvander E, Gafko C, Wiltschi B. 'Clickable lectins': bioorthogonal reactive handles facilitate the directed conjugation of lectins in a modular fashion. Interface Focus 2019; 9:20180072. [PMID: 30842873 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2018.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with specificity for their target ligands. They play diverse roles in cellular recognition and signalling processes, as well as in infections and cancer metastasis. Owing to their specificity, lectins find application in biotechnology and medicine, e.g. for blood group typing, purification of glycoproteins or lipids and as markers that target cancer cells. For some applications, lectins are immobilized on a solid support, or they are conjugated with other molecules. Classical protein conjugation reactions at nucleophilic amino acids such as cysteine or lysine are often non-selective, and the site of conjugation is difficult to pre-define. Random conjugation, however, can interfere with protein function. Therefore, we sought to equip lectins with a unique reactive handle, which can be conjugated with other molecules in a pre-defined manner. We site-specifically introduced non-canonical amino acids carrying bioorthogonal reactive groups into several lectins. As a proof of principle, we conjugated these 'clickable lectins' with small molecules. Furthermore, we conjugated lectins with different ligand specificities with one another to produce superlectins. The 'clickable lectins' might be useful for any process where lectins shall be conjugated with another module in a selective, pre-defined and site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Tobola
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elise Sylvander
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Gafko
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
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5
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Gil de Montes E, Jiménez-Moreno E, Oliveira BL, Navo CD, Cal PMSD, Jiménez-Osés G, Robina I, Moreno-Vargas AJ, Bernardes GJL. Azabicyclic vinyl sulfones for residue-specific dual protein labelling. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4515-4522. [PMID: 31057781 PMCID: PMC6482879 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed [2.2.1]azabicyclic vinyl sulfone reagents that simultaneously enable cysteine-selective protein modification and introduce a handle for further bioorthogonal ligation.
We have developed [2.2.1]azabicyclic vinyl sulfone reagents that simultaneously enable cysteine-selective protein modification and introduce a handle for further bioorthogonal ligation. The reaction is fast and selective for cysteine relative to other amino acids that have nucleophilic side-chains, and the formed products are stable in human plasma and are moderately resistant to retro Diels–Alder degradation reactions. A model biotinylated [2.2.1]azabicyclic vinyl sulfone reagent was shown to efficiently label two cysteine-tagged proteins, ubiquitin and C2Am, under mild conditions (1–5 equiv. of reagent in NaPi pH 7.0, room temperature, 30 min). The resulting thioether-linked conjugates were stable and retained the native activity of the proteins. Finally, the dienophile present in the azabicyclic moiety on a functionalised C2Am protein could be fluorescently labelled through an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction in cells to allow selective apoptosis imaging. The combined advantages of directness, site-specificity and easy preparation mean [2.2.1]azabicyclic vinyl sulfones can be used for residue-specific dual protein labelling/construction strategies with minimal perturbation of native function based simply on the attachment of an [2.2.1]azabicyclic moiety to cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gil de Montes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Universidad de Sevilla , C/Prof. García González, 1 , 41012-Sevilla , Spain .
| | - Ester Jiménez-Moreno
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Bruno L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK . .,Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Claudio D Navo
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Universidad de La Rioja , 26006 Logroño , Spain.,CIC bioGUNE , Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A , 48170 Derio , Spain
| | - Pedro M S D Cal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Departamento de Química , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Universidad de La Rioja , 26006 Logroño , Spain.,CIC bioGUNE , Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A , 48170 Derio , Spain
| | - Inmaculada Robina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Universidad de Sevilla , C/Prof. García González, 1 , 41012-Sevilla , Spain .
| | - Antonio J Moreno-Vargas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Universidad de Sevilla , C/Prof. García González, 1 , 41012-Sevilla , Spain .
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK . .,Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal
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6
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Taylor MT, Nelson JE, Suero MG, Gaunt MJ. A protein functionalization platform based on selective reactions at methionine residues. Nature 2018; 562:563-568. [PMID: 30323287 PMCID: PMC6203954 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0608-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nature has a remarkable ability to carry out site-selective post-translational modification of proteins, therefore enabling a marked increase in their functional diversity1. Inspired by this, chemical tools have been developed for the synthetic manipulation of protein structure and function, and have become essential to the continued advancement of chemical biology, molecular biology and medicine. However, the number of chemical transformations that are suitable for effective protein functionalization is limited, because the stringent demands inherent to biological systems preclude the applicability of many potential processes2. These chemical transformations often need to be selective at a single site on a protein, proceed with very fast reaction rates, operate under biologically ambient conditions and should provide homogeneous products with near-perfect conversion2-7. Although many bioconjugation methods exist at cysteine, lysine and tyrosine, a method targeting a less-explored amino acid would considerably expand the protein functionalization toolbox. Here we report the development of a multifaceted approach to protein functionalization based on chemoselective labelling at methionine residues. By exploiting the electrophilic reactivity of a bespoke hypervalent iodine reagent, the S-Me group in the side chain of methionine can be targeted. The bioconjugation reaction is fast, selective, operates at low-micromolar concentrations and is complementary to existing bioconjugation strategies. Moreover, it produces a protein conjugate that is itself a high-energy intermediate with reactive properties and can serve as a platform for the development of secondary, visible-light-mediated bioorthogonal protein functionalization processes. The merger of these approaches provides a versatile platform for the development of distinct transformations that deliver information-rich protein conjugates directly from the native biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos G Suero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew J Gaunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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7
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Kwan TTL, Boutureira O, Frye EC, Walsh SJ, Gupta MK, Wallace S, Wu Y, Zhang F, Sore HF, Galloway WRJD, Chin JW, Welch M, Bernardes GJL, Spring DR. Protein modification via alkyne hydrosilylation using a substoichiometric amount of ruthenium(ii) catalyst. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3871-3878. [PMID: 28966779 PMCID: PMC5578368 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc05313k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis has emerged as a powerful strategy to expand synthetic flexibility of protein modification. Herein, we report a cationic Ru(ii) system that enables the first example of alkyne hydrosilylation between dimethylarylsilanes and O-propargyl-functionalized proteins using a substoichiometric amount or low-loading of Ru(ii) catalyst to achieve the first C-Si bond formation on full-length substrates. The reaction proceeds under physiological conditions at a rate comparable to other widely used bioorthogonal reactions. Moreover, the resultant gem-disubstituted vinylsilane linkage can be further elaborated through thiol-ene coupling or fluoride-induced protodesilylation, demonstrating its utility in further rounds of targeted modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence T-L Kwan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Elizabeth C Frye
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Moni K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Stephen Wallace
- Medical Research Council , Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus , Cambridge CB2 0QH , UK
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings , Edinburgh , EH9 3FF , UK
| | - Yuteng Wu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Hannah F Sore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Warren R J D Galloway
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Jason W Chin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
- Medical Research Council , Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus , Cambridge CB2 0QH , UK
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Tennis Court Road , Cambridge CB2 1QW , UK
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - David R Spring
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Rd , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
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8
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Hayashi G, Kamo N, Okamoto A. Chemical synthesis of dual labeled proteins via differently protected alkynes enables intramolecular FRET analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5918-5921. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02612a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Differently silyl-protected alkynes enable production of a dual labeled protein through chemical protein synthesis and analysis of the protein structure by intramolecular FRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosuke Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Naoki Kamo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology
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9
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Faustino H, Silva MJSA, Veiros LF, Bernardes GJL, Gois PMP. Iminoboronates are efficient intermediates for selective, rapid and reversible N-terminal cysteine functionalisation. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5052-5058. [PMID: 30155155 PMCID: PMC6018717 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01520d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that formyl benzeno boronic acids (2FBBA) selectively react with N-terminal cysteines to yield a boronated thiazolidine featuring a B-N bond. The reaction exhibits a very rapid constant rate (2.38 ± 0.23 × 102 M-1 s-1) under mild aqueous conditions (pH 7.4, 23 °C) and tolerates different amino acids at the position adjacent to the N-cysteine. DFT calculations highlighted the diastereoselective nature of this ligation reaction and support the involvement of the proximal boronic acid in the activation of the imine functionality and the stabilisation of the boronated thiazolidine through a chelate effect. The 2FBBA reagent allowed the effective functionalisation of model peptides (C-ovalbumin and a laminin fragment) and the boronated thiazolidine construct was shown to be stable over time, though the reaction was reversible in the presence of benzyl hydroxylamine. The reaction proved to be highly chemoselective, and 2FBBA was used to functionalize the N-terminal cysteine of calcitonin in the presence of a potentially competing in-chain thiol group. This exquisite selectivity profile enabled the dual functionalisation of calcitonin and the interactive orthogonal modification of this peptide when 2FBBA was combined with conventional maleimide chemistry. These results highlight the potential of this methodology to construct complex and well-defined bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio Faustino
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal .
| | - Maria J S A Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal .
| | - Luís F Veiros
- Centro de Química Estrutural , Instituto Superior Técnico , Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Rovisco Pais 1 , 1049-001 Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW , Cambridge , UK
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal .
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10
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Maruani A, Richards DA, Chudasama V. Dual modification of biomolecules. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6165-78. [PMID: 27278999 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of novel bioorthogonal reactions and "click" chemistry, an increasing number of strategies for the single labelling of proteins and oligonucleotides have emerged. Whilst several methods exist for the site-selective introduction of a single chemical moiety, site-selective and bioorthogonal dual modification of biomolecules remains a challenge. The introduction of multiple modules enables a plethora of permutations and combinations and can generate a variety of bioconjuguates with many potential applications. From de novo approaches on oligomers to the post-translational functionalisation of proteins, this review will highlight the main strategies to dually modify biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Maruani
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H OAJ, UK.
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11
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Haag R. Multivalency as a chemical organization and action principle. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:848-9. [PMID: 26124885 PMCID: PMC4464320 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Haag
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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