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Faleye OS, Boya BR, Lee JH, Choi I, Lee J. Halogenated Antimicrobial Agents to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 76:90-141. [PMID: 37845080 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance presents us with a potential global crisis as it undermines the abilities of conventional antibiotics to combat pathogenic microbes. The history of antimicrobial agents is replete with examples of scaffolds containing halogens. In this review, we discuss the impacts of halogen atoms in various antibiotic types and antimicrobial scaffolds and their modes of action, structure-activity relationships, and the contributions of halogen atoms in antimicrobial activity and drug resistance. Other halogenated molecules, including carbohydrates, peptides, lipids, and polymeric complexes, are also reviewed, and the effects of halogenated scaffolds on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and factors affecting antimicrobial and antivirulence activities are presented. Furthermore, the potential of halogenation to circumvent antimicrobial resistance and rejuvenate impotent antibiotics is addressed. This review provides an overview of the significance of halogenation, the abilities of halogens to interact in biomolecular settings and enhance pharmacological properties, and their potential therapeutic usages in preventing a postantibiotic era. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Antimicrobial resistance and the increasing impotence of antibiotics are critical threats to global health. The roles and importance of halogen atoms in antimicrobial drug scaffolds have been established, but comparatively little is known of their pharmacological impacts on drug resistance and antivirulence activities. This review is the first to extensively evaluate the roles of halogen atoms in various antibiotic classes and pharmacological scaffolds and to provide an overview of their ability to overcome antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olajide Sunday Faleye
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bharath Reddy Boya
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering (O.S.F., B.R.B., J.-H.L., J.L.) and Department of Medical Biotechnology (I.C.), Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Antimicrobial Activities and Mode of Flavonoid Actions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020225. [PMID: 36830135 PMCID: PMC9952116 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotics-resistant bacteria has been a serious concern for medical professionals over the last decade. Therefore, developing new and effective antimicrobials with modified or different modes of action is a continuing imperative. In this context, our study focuses on evaluating the antimicrobial activity of different chemically synthesized flavonoids (FLAV) to guide the chemical synthesis of effective antimicrobial molecules. A set of 12 synthesized molecules (4 chalcones, 4 flavones and 4 flavanones), bearing substitutions with chlorine and bromine groups at the C6' position and methoxy group at the C4' position of the B-ring were evaluated for antimicrobial activity toward 9 strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and 3 fungal strains. Our findings showed that most tested FLAV exhibited moderate to high antibacterial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between the range of 31.25 and 125 μg/mL and that chalcones were more efficient than flavones and flavanones. The examined compounds were also active against the tested fungi with a strong structure-activity relationship (SAR). Interestingly, leakage measurements of the absorbent material at 260 nm and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the brominated chalcone induced a significant membrane permeabilization of S. aureus.
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Birsa ML, Sarbu LG. An Improved Synthetic Method for Sensitive Iodine Containing Tricyclic Flavonoids. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238430. [PMID: 36500522 PMCID: PMC9740535 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new iodine containing synthetic tricyclic flavonoids is reported. Due to the sensitivity of the precursors to the heat and acidic conditions required for the ring closure of the 1,3-dithiolium core, a new cyclization method has been developed. It consists in the treatment of the corresponding iodine-substituted 3-dithiocarbamic flavonoids with a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of glacial acetic acid-concentrated sulfuric acid at 40 °C. The synthesis of the iodine-substituted 3-dithiocarbamic flavonoids has also been tuned in terms of reaction conditions.
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Synthesis and computational investigation of N,N-dimethyl-4-[(Z)-(phenylimino)methyl] aniline derivatives: Biological and quantitative structural activity relationship studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Anti-Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Activity of Fruiting Body and Mycelial Culture Extracts of Xylaria longipes Nitschke (Ascomycota). Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Khadiya NM, Modhavadiya VA. CuAAC-Ensembled 1,2,3-Triazole-Linked Biphenyl and N-Arylamide Systems as Diverse Antimicrobial Agents. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042802207017x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shamsudin NF, Ahmed QU, Mahmood S, Ali Shah SA, Khatib A, Mukhtar S, Alsharif MA, Parveen H, Zakaria ZA. Antibacterial Effects of Flavonoids and Their Structure-Activity Relationship Study: A Comparative Interpretation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041149. [PMID: 35208939 PMCID: PMC8879123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to the latest report released by the World Health Organization, bacterial resistance to well-known and widely available antibacterial drugs has become a significant and severe global health concern and a grim challenge to tackle in order to cure infections associated with multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms efficiently. Consequently, various strategies have been orchestrated to cure the severe complications related to multidrug-resistant bacteria effectively. Some approaches involved the retardation of biofilm formation and multidrug-resistance pumps in bacteria as well as the discovery of new antimicrobial agents demonstrating different mechanisms of action. In this regard, natural products namely alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, anthraquinone, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, etc., have been suggested to tackle the multidrug-resistant bacterial strains owing to their versatile pharmacological effects. Amongst these, flavonoids, also known as polyphenolic compounds, have been widely evaluated for their antibacterial property due to their tendency to retard the growth of a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. The hydroxylation of C5, C7, C3′, and C4′; and geranylation or prenylation at C6 have been extensively studied to increase bacterial inhibition of flavonoids. On the other hand, methoxylation at C3′ and C5 has been reported to decrease flavonoids’ antibacterial action. Hence, the latest information on the antibacterial activity of flavonoids is summarized in this review, with particular attention to the structure–activity relationship of this broad class of natural compounds to discover safe and potent antibacterial agents as natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Farisya Shamsudin
- Drug Design and Synthesis Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang D. M., Malaysia; (N.F.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Drug Design and Synthesis Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang D. M., Malaysia; (N.F.S.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (Q.U.A.); or (Z.A.Z.)
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology (Chemical), Gambang Campus, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Kuantan 26300, Pahang D. M., Malaysia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor D. E., Malaysia;
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor D. E., Malaysia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Drug Design and Synthesis Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang D. M., Malaysia; (N.F.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Sayeed Mukhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.); (H.P.)
| | - Meshari A. Alsharif
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Humaira Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.); (H.P.)
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (Q.U.A.); or (Z.A.Z.)
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Shao SY, Ting Y, Wang J, Sun J, Guo XF. Characterization and identification of the major flavonoids in Phyllostachys edulis leaf extract by UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2019.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phyllostachys edulis (PES), the most important bamboo species in China, is widely distributed in East Asia. Flavonoids, which are important bioactive natural compounds, often have similar structures, making their structural elucidation difficult. The aim of this study was to represent valuable, reliable mass spectral data for the identification of flavonoids in plant leaves. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q-TOF-MS/MS) method was established for characterization and identification of the major flavonoids in PES leaf extract. A total of 13 flavonoids were simultaneously characterized, and their proposed characteristic product ions and fragmentation pathways were investigated. Thirteen compounds were separated on an Agilent Zorbax RRHD SB-C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm). On the basis of comparing with the 4 reference standards and the literature data, the other 9 flavonoids were identified by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Eight compounds (compounds 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) were found in PES leaves for the first time. An efficient UPLC–QTOF-MS/MS method was successfully applied for the structural identification of flavonoids in PES leaves. These results have practical applications for the rapid identification and structural characterization of these compounds in crude bioactive extracts or mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-Y. Shao
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Ting
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - J. Wang
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - J. Sun
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
| | - X.-F. Guo
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing, China
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An Approach to Paracyclophane-Based Tetrathiafulvalenes: Synthesis and Characterization of a Pseudo-Geminal [2.2]Paracyclophane 1,3-Dithia-2-Thione. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225262. [PMID: 33187391 PMCID: PMC7698277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of paracyclophane-based tetrathiafulvalene precursors is described in the context of the importance of these compounds in the field of material chemistry. Pseudo-geminal bis(1,3-dithia-2-thione) was synthesized via the corresponding 1,3-dithiol-2-ylium salt. The latter was obtained by a synthetic procedure that involves 4,15-bis(acetyl)[2.2]paracyclophane, a new compound of interest for many researchers.
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Havasi MH, Ressler AJ, Parks EL, Cocolas AH, Weaver A, Seeram NP, Henry GE. Antioxidant and tyrosinase docking studies of heterocyclic sulfide derivatives containing a thymol moiety. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sarbu LG, Shova S, Peptanariu D, Sandu IA, Birsa LM, Bahrin LG. The Cytotoxic Properties of Some Tricyclic 1,3-Dithiolium Flavonoids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132459. [PMID: 31277454 PMCID: PMC6651846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms, new classes of antibiotics are needed. In this paper, we present the cytotoxic effects of five tricyclic flavonoids, one of which was previously identified as a potent antimicrobial agent. METHODS All five derivatives were tested against human HOS and MCF7 cancer cell lines using a wound scratch assay. The cytotoxic properties of previously reported flavonoid 4a were also evaluated using the standard MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt) and live/dead assays, using NHDF, HOS and MCF7 cell lines. RESULTS All five derivatives were found to inhibit to some degree the proliferation of cancer cells. 4a was also found to be less toxic towards regular versus cancerous human cells. Moreover, the minimum bactericidal concentration of 4a against Staphylococcus aureus was found to be non-toxic for any of the tested human cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Derivative 4a has the potential of being used as a therapeutic agent against certain microorganisms. Further structure optimization is required for use against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G. Sarbu
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Department of Chemistry, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Sergiu Shova
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Intelcenter. 41A Grigore Ghica Vodă Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dragos Peptanariu
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Intelcenter. 41A Grigore Ghica Vodă Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Isabela A. Sandu
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Intelcenter. 41A Grigore Ghica Vodă Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lucian M. Birsa
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Department of Chemistry, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.M.B.); bahrin.lucian@icmpp (L.G.B.)
| | - Lucian G. Bahrin
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Department of Chemistry, 11 Carol I Blvd., 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Intelcenter. 41A Grigore Ghica Vodă Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.M.B.); bahrin.lucian@icmpp (L.G.B.)
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Sarbu LG, Bahrin LG, Babii C, Stefan M, Birsa ML. Synthetic flavonoids with antimicrobial activity: a review. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1282-1290. [PMID: 30934143 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant microbes left us with a great need for new antimicrobial agents. Flavonoids, with their wide range of biological activities, are good candidates in this respect. Although naturally occurring flavonoids are the most studied ones, semi-synthetic or synthetic flavonoids have proven to have great potential, inhibiting and even killing microbes at concentrations below 1 μg ml-1 . The substitution pattern of these flavonoids often includes hydroxy groups, halogens or other heteroatomic rings, such as pyridine, piperidine or 1,3-dithiolium cations. However, the great variety in substituents makes it difficult to draw any definitive conclusion regarding their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Sarbu
- Department of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - L G Bahrin
- Department of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.,"Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | - C Babii
- Department of Biology, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.,Integrated Center for Environmental Sciences Studies - North Eastern, CERNESIM, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - M Stefan
- Department of Biology, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - M L Birsa
- Department of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Ombiro GS, Sawai T, Noutoshi Y, Nishina Y, Matsui H, Yamamoto M, Toyoda K, Ichinose Y. Specific growth inhibitors of Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, X. campestris pv. campestris, and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Microbiol Res 2018; 215:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Highly efficient synthesis of alkyl and aryl primary thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates under metal- and solvent-free conditions. Mol Divers 2018; 22:863-878. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-018-9831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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