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Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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Leonhardt V, Fimmel S, Krause AM, Beuerle F. A covalent organic cage compound acting as a supramolecular shadow mask for the regioselective functionalization of C 60. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8409-8415. [PMID: 34123100 PMCID: PMC8163405 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03131c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A trigonal-bipyramidal covalent organic cage compound serves as an efficient host to form stable 1 : 1-complexes with C60 and C70. Fullerene encapsulation has been comprehensively studied by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Exohedral functionalization of encapsulated C60via threefold Prato reaction revealed high selectivity for the symmetry-matched all-trans-3 addition pattern. The taming of the Prato reaction: a covalent organic cage compound serves as a supramolecular template for the regioselective functionalization of C60.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Leonhardt
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Stefanie Fimmel
- Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Krause
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Fernandez-Bartolome E, Santos J, Gamonal A, Khodabakhshi S, McCormick LJ, Teat SJ, Sañudo EC, Costa JS, Martín N. A Three-Dimensional Dynamic Supramolecular "Sticky Fingers" Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2310-2315. [PMID: 30549401 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Engineering high-recognition host-guest materials is a burgeoning area in basic and applied research. The challenge of exploring novel porous materials with advanced functionalities prompted us to develop dynamic crystalline structures promoted by soft interactions. The first example of a pure molecular dynamic crystalline framework is demonstrated, which is held together by means of weak "sticky fingers" van der Waals interactions. The presented organic-fullerene-based material exhibits a non-porous dynamic crystalline structure capable of undergoing single-crystal-to-single-crystal reactions. Exposure to hydrazine vapors induces structural and chemical changes that manifest as toposelective hydrogenation of alternating rings on the surface of the [60]fullerene. Control experiments confirm that the same reaction does not occur when performed in solution. Easy-to-detect changes in the macroscopic properties of the sample suggest utility as molecular sensors or energy-storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Santos
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Gamonal
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saeed Khodabakhshi
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura J McCormick
- Advanced Light Source, Berkeley Laboratory, 1; Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Berkeley Laboratory, 1; Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - E Carolina Sañudo
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció química Inorgànica, Univ. de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Sánchez Costa
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA Nanociencia, C/ Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Kraft A, Roger C, Schmidt D, Stangl J, Müller-Buschbaum K, Beuerle F. Metal-Based Diversity for Crystalline Metal-Fullerene Frameworks. Chemistry 2017; 23:15864-15868. [PMID: 28891199 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Four different three-dimensional metal-fullerene frameworks were synthesized through polymerization of two C60 -derived dodecaacids with varying alkyl spacers in the presence of Ca2+ , Cu2+ or Cd2+ ions. Structural analysis of the frameworks was performed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and porosity of the materials was investigated by sorption measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kraft
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chantal Roger
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Stangl
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müller-Buschbaum
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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