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Baidilov D, Elkin PK, Athe S, Rawal VH. Rapid Access to 2,2-Disubstituted Indolines via Dearomative Indolic-Claisen Rearrangement: Concise, Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Hinckdentine A. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37364288 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The construction of 2,2-disubstituted indolines has long presented a synthetic challenge without any general solutions. Herein, we report a robust protocol for the dearomative Meerwein-Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement of 3-indolyl alcohols that provides efficient access to 2-substituted and 2,2-disubstituted indolines. These versatile subunits are useful for natural product synthesis and medicinal chemistry. The title [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement proceeds in generally excellent yield and transfers the C3-indolic alcohol chirality to the C2 position with high fidelity, thus providing a reliable method for the construction of enantioenriched 2,2-disubstituted indolines. The power of this methodology is demonstrated through the concise and strategically unique total synthesis of the marine natural product hinckdentine A, which features a dearomative Claisen rearrangement, a diastereocontrolled hydrogenation of the alkene product, a one-pot amide-to-oxime conversion using Vaska's complex, and a regioselective late-stage tribromination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daler Baidilov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Pavel K Elkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sudhakar Athe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Viresh H Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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2
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Goggiamani A, Arcadi A, Ciogli A, De Angelis M, Dessalvi S, Fabrizi G, Iavarone F, Iazzetti A, Sferrazza A, Zoppoli R. Synthesis of 3-substituted 2,3-dihydropyrazino[1,2- a]indol-4(1 H)-ones by sequential reactions of 2-indolylmethyl acetates with α-amino acids †. RSC Adv 2023; 13:10090-10096. [PMID: 37006346 PMCID: PMC10053697 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of 2,3-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-4(1H)-ones from the sequential reaction of amino acid methyl esters with readily available indole-2-ylmethyl acetates is described. The reaction proceeds in situ under basic conditions of highly unstable and reactive 2-alkylideneindolenines followed by Michael-type addition of α-amino acid methyl esters/intramolecular cyclization. The synthesis of 2,3-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-4(1H)-ones through the in situ generation of 2-methide-2H-indole intermediate I starting from 2-indolylmethyl acetates under basic conditions/nucleophilic Michael addition/cyclization cascade reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Goggiamani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza, Università di RomaP.le A. Moro 500185 RomeItaly
| | - Antonio Arcadi
- Dipartimento di Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi di L'AquilaVia Vetoio67100 Coppito (AQ)Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza, Università di RomaP.le A. Moro 500185 RomeItaly
| | - Martina De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza, Università di RomaP.le A. Moro 500185 RomeItaly
| | - Stefano Dessalvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza, Università di RomaP.le A. Moro 500185 RomeItaly
| | - Giancarlo Fabrizi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza, Università di RomaP.le A. Moro 500185 RomeItaly
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreL.go Francesco Vito 100168 RomeItaly
- Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ Foundation-IRCCSRome00168Italy
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreL.go Francesco Vito 100168 RomeItaly
- Policlinico Universitario ‘A. Gemelli’ Foundation-IRCCSRome00168Italy
| | - Alessio Sferrazza
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza, Università di RomaP.le A. Moro 500185 RomeItaly
- Alessio Sferrazza is currently a research scientist in IRBM S.p.A., Medicinal Chemistry DepartmentPomeziaRomaItaly
| | - Roberta Zoppoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza, Università di RomaP.le A. Moro 500185 RomeItaly
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3
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Synthesis of Polysubstituted 1,2-Dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-3-ones through Domino Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions of Indol-2-ylmethyl Acetates with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Derivatives. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A straightforward assembly of polysubstituted 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-3-ones through a domino palladium-catalyzed reaction of indol-2-ylmethyl acetates with 1,3-dicarbonyl derivatives is described. The key role of the features of the 1,3-dicarbonyls on the reaction outcome has been explored. The employment of 2-methylcyclohexan-1,3-dione as the dicarbonyl source could allow further challenging indole nucleus functionalizations.
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4
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Li M, Zhang R, Gao Q, Jiang H, Lei M, Wu W. Divergent Synthesis of Fused Tetracyclic Heterocycles from Diarylalkynes Enabled by the Selective Insertion of Isocyanide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208203. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Institute of Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 10019 China
| | - Qiushan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Institute of Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 10019 China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
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5
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Li M, Zhang R, Gao Q, Jiang H, Lei M, Wu W. Divergent Synthesis of Fused Tetracyclic Heterocycles from Diarylalkynes Enabled by the Selective Insertion of Isocyanide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qiushan Gao
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ming Lei
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wanqing Wu
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering No. 381, Wushan Road, Tianhe Strict, 510640 Guangzhou CHINA
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6
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Chen G, Cai X, Zhang X, Fan X. Condition-Dependent Selective Synthesis of Indolo[1,2- c]quinazolines and Indolo[3,2- c]quinolines from 2-(1 H-Indol-2-yl)anilines and Sulfoxonium Ylides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9815-9828. [PMID: 35839292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a selective synthesis of indolo[1,2-c]quinazolines and indolo[3,2-c]quinolines through the cascade reactions of 2-(1H-indol-2-yl)anilines with sulfoxonium ylides is presented. The formation of products involves the generation of a carbene species from sulfoxonium ylide and its N-H bond insertion reaction with 2-(1H-indol-2-yl)aniline followed by deoxygenative imine formation, intramolecular N- or C- nucleophilic addition and deoxygenative aromatization. This switchable synthesis was condition-dependent. In the presence of K2CO3 in CH3CN, the reaction mainly furnished indolo[1,2-c]quinazolines. In the presence of HOAc in dioxane, it selectively afforded indolo[3,2-c]quinolines. In addition, direct C-H/N-H functionalization of the products obtained provides a convenient and direct access to polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds. These novel protocols have advantages such as readily accessible substrates, easily tunable selectivity, good compatibility with diverse functional groups, and the use of air as a cost-free and sustainable oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinyuan Cai
- School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- School of Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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7
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Sadeghian Z, Bayat M, Safari F. Synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity evaluation of spiro[indolo[2,1-b]quinazoline-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole] via sequential four-component reaction. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Vavsari VF, Nikbakht A, Balalaie S. Annulation of 2‐Alkynylanilines: The Versatile Chemical Compounds. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaezeh Fathi Vavsari
- KN Toosi: KN Toosi University of Technology Chemistry IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Ali Nikbakht
- K N Toosi University of Technology Faculty of General Science Chemistry Department of Chemistry, Kavian 9, Dr. Shariati Street 15875-4416 Tehran IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- K N Toosi University of Technology Faculty of General Science Chemistry Department PO Box 15875-4416 15875-4416 Tehran IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)
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9
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Festa A, Raspertov P, Voskressensky L. 2‐(Alkynyl)anilines and derivatives – versatile reagents for heterocyclic synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Festa
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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10
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Kamble OS, Khatravath M, Dandela R. Applications of Ethynylanilines as Substrates for Construction of Indoles and Indole‐Substituted Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omkar S. Kamble
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology Indian oil Odisha Campus, Kharagpur extension Centre, Mouza, Samantpuri Bhubaneswar 751013 Odisha India
| | - Mahender Khatravath
- Department of Chemistry Central university of South Bihar, Gaya SH-7, Panchanpur Road, Karhara, Post Fatehpur, Gaya Bihar 824236 India
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology Indian oil Odisha Campus, Kharagpur extension Centre, Mouza, Samantpuri Bhubaneswar 751013 Odisha India
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11
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Wang J, Wang G, Cheng X, Liu Y, Zhang J. Sequential Sonogashira/intramolecular aminopalladation/cross-coupling of ortho-ethynyl-anilines catalyzed by a single palladium source: rapid access to 2,3-diarylindoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1329-1333. [PMID: 33464262 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02295k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a practical and efficient one-pot protocol for the synthesis of 2,3-diarylindoles via Pd-catalyzed bis-arylative cyclization of various o-ethynylanilines with aryl iodides. Mechanism studies showed that a Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction took place firstly, giving an internal alkyne intermediate, which subsequently underwent intramolecular aminopalladation/cross-coupling to give access to 2,3-diarylindoles. The present methodology exhibits a broad substrate scope, producing various 2,3-diaryl indoles bearing two different aryl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China. and Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Gendi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Ye Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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12
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Qin Y, Zhuang W, Guo X, Zhang X, Huang Q. Rhodium-catalyzed direct C H amination of 2-arylindoles and 7-arylindoles with free amines. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Maier MS, Hüll K, Reynders M, Matsuura BS, Leippe P, Ko T, Schäffer L, Trauner D. Oxidative Approach Enables Efficient Access to Cyclic Azobenzenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17295-17304. [PMID: 31584272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzenes are versatile photoswitches that have found widespread use in a variety of fields, ranging from photopharmacology to the material sciences. In addition to regular azobenzenes, the cyclic diazocines have recently emerged. Although diazocines have fascinating conformational and photophysical properties, their use has been limited by their synthetic accessibility. Herein, we present a general, high-yielding protocol that relies on the oxidative cyclization of dianilines. In combination with a modular substrate synthesis, it allows for rapid access to diversely functionalized diazocines on gram scales. Our work systematically explores substituent effects on the photoisomerization and thermal relaxation of diazocines. It will enable their incorporation into a wide variety of functional molecules, unlocking the full potential of these emerging photoswitches. The method can be applied to the synthesis of a new cyclic azobenzene with a nine-membered central ring and distinct properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Maier
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Katharina Hüll
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Martin Reynders
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Bryan S Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Philipp Leippe
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Tongil Ko
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Lukas Schäffer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM) , Ludwig Maximilian University Munich , 81377 Munich , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
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14
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Jia R, Li B, Liang R, Zhang X, Fan X. Tunable Synthesis of Indolo[3,2-c]quinolines or 3-(2-Aminophenyl)quinolines via Aerobic/Anaerobic Dimerization of 2-Alkynylanilines. Org Lett 2019; 21:4996-5001. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Bin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Rong Liang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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