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Daglish J, Blacker AJ, de Boer G, Russell SJ, Tausif M, Hose DJ, Parsons AR, Crampton A, Kapur N. A Coalescing Filter for Liquid-Liquid Separation and Multistage Extraction in Continuous-Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1979-1989. [PMID: 38783854 PMCID: PMC11110050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Presented here is the design and performance of a coalescing liquid-liquid filter, based on low-cost and readily available meltblown nonwoven substrates for separation of immiscible phases. The performance of the coalescer was determined across three broad classes of fluid mixtures: (i) immiscible organic/aqueous systems, (ii) a surfactant laden organic/aqueous system with modification of the type of emulsion and interfacial surface tension through the addition of sodium chloride, and (iii) a water-acetone/toluene system. The first two classes demonstrated good performance of the equipment in effecting separation, including the separation of a complex emulsion system for which a membrane separator, operating through transport of a preferentially wetting fluid through the membrane, failed entirely. The third system was used to demonstrate the performance of the separator within a multistage liquid-liquid counterflow extraction system. The performance, robust nature, and scalability of coalescing filters should mean that this approach is routinely considered for liquid-liquid separations and extractions within the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Daglish
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - A. John Blacker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory de Boer
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Muhammad Tausif
- School
of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David
R. J. Hose
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Anna R. Parsons
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Crampton
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Pickering Emulsions Based in Inorganic Solid Particles: From Product Development to Food Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062504. [PMID: 36985475 PMCID: PMC10054141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pickering emulsions (PEs) have attracted attention in different fields, such as food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, mainly due to their good physical stability. PEs are a promising strategy to develop functional products since the particles’ oil and water phases can act as carriers of active compounds, providing multiple combinations potentiating synergistic effects. Moreover, they can answer the sustainable and green chemistry issues arising from using conventional emulsifier-based systems. In this context, this review focuses on the applicability of safe inorganic solid particles as emulsion stabilisers, discussing the main stabilisation mechanisms of oil–water interfaces. In particular, it provides evidence for hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles as Pickering stabilisers, discussing the latest advances. The main technologies used to produce PEs are also presented. From an industrial perspective, an effort was made to list new productive technologies at the laboratory scale and discuss their feasibility for scale-up. Finally, the advantages and potential applications of PEs in the food industry are also described. Overall, this review gathers recent developments in the formulation, production and properties of food-grade PEs based on safe inorganic solid particles.
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Jiang Y, Xie B, Zhang J. Highly reactive and reusable heterogeneous activated carbons-based palladium catalysts for Suzuki−Miyaura reaction. Chin J Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Zong J, Yue J. Continuous Solid Particle Flow in Microreactors for Efficient Chemical Conversion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Stock S, Schlander A, Kempin M, Geisler R, Stehl D, Spanheimer K, Hondow N, Micklethwaite S, Weber A, Schomäcker R, Drews A, Gallei M, von Klitzing R. The quantitative impact of fluid vs. solid interfaces on the catalytic performance of pickering emulsions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2355-2367. [PMID: 33449989 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pickering emulsions (PEs), i.e. particle stabilized emulsions, are used as reaction environments in biphasic catalysis for the hydroformylation of 1-dodecene into tridecanal using the catalyst rhodium (Rh)-sulfoxantphos (SX). The present study connects the knowledge about particle-catalyst interactions and PE structure with the reaction results. It quantifies the efficiency of the catalytic performance of the catalyst localized in the voids between the particles (liquid-liquid interface) and the catalyst adsorbed on the particle surface (liquid-solid interface) using a new numerical approach. First, it is ensured that the overall packing density and geometry at the droplet interface and the size of the water droplets of the resulting w/o PEs are predictable. Second, it is shown that approximately all particles assemble at the droplet surface after emulsion preparation and neither the packing parameter nor the droplet size change with the particle surface charge or size when the total particle cross section is kept constant. Third, studies on the influence of the catalyst on the emulsion structure reveal that irrespective of the particle charge the surface active and negatively charged catalyst Rh-SX reduces the PE droplet size significantly and decreases the particle packing parameter from s = 0.91 (hexagonal packing in 2D) to s = 0.69 (shattered structure). In this latter case, large voids of the free w/o interface form and become covered with the catalyst. With a deep knowledge about the PE structure the reaction efficiencies of the liquid-liquid vs. the solid-liquid interface are quantified. By excluding any other influence factors, it is shown that the activity of the catalyst is the same at the fluid and solid interface and the performance of the reaction is explained by the geometry of the system. After the reaction, the catalyst retention via membrane filtration is shown to be successfully achieved without damaging the emulsions. This enables the continuous recovery of the catalyst, i.e. the most expensive compound in PE-based catalytic reactions, being a crucial criterion for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stock
- Department of Physics, Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Kaur N, Verma Y, Grewal P, Ahlawat N, Bhardwaj P, Jangid NK. Palladium acetate assisted synthesis of five-membered N-polyheterocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1723640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India
| | - Yamini Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India
| | - Pooja Grewal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India
| | - Neha Ahlawat
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India
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Tang J, Zhou X, Cao S, Zhu L, Xi L, Wang J. Pickering Interfacial Catalysts with CO 2 and Magnetic Dual Response for Fast Recovering in Biphasic Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:16156-16163. [PMID: 30964259 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pickering interfacial catalysis provides an excellent platform for biphasic reactions, but the separation and recycling of nanocatalysts is a challenge because of high adsorption energy of nanocatalysts at the liquid-liquid interface. In this work, we represent a new type of versatile Pickering emulsion based on magnetic and CO2-responsive nanohybrids Fe3O4@SiO2@P(TMA-DEA). The smart nanoparticles can stabilize the water-in-oil Pickering emulsion in the biphasic system and achieve the subsequent demulsification by bubbling CO2 ascribed to their reversible switching surface. In the absence of energy barrier, the nanohybrids can be easily captured in situ by magnetic field in 2 min and showed excellent recyclability. In the Anelli system for alcohol oxidation, the nanocatalyst exhibited threefold enhancement in catalytic efficiency in comparison with an unemulsified two-phase and little loss on activity after five cycles. The conceptually novel dual-responsive system offers a green and energy-saving strategy for effective recycling of the nanocatalyst and intensification of biphasic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Xue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Shixiong Cao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Lingyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Lingling Xi
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Xixi Campus , Hangzhou 310028 , China
| | - Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, College of Chemical Engineering , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
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Gesse P, Müller TJJ. Consecutive Five-Component Ugi-4CR-CAL B-Catalyzed Aminolysis Sequence and Concatenation with Transition Metal Catalysis in a One-Pot Fashion to Substituted Triamides. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gesse
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf; Germany
| | - Thomas J. J. Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf; Germany
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Abstract
A critical review of conclusions about the putative heterogeneous mechanism in the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling by supported Pd solids is reported. In the first section, the turnover frequencies (TOF) of 20 well-established homogeneous catalysts are shown to be in the range 200 to 1,000,000,000 h − 1 . The evidences used to prove a heterogeneous mechanism are discussed and another interpretation is proposed, hypothesizing that only the leached species are responsible for the catalytic reaction, even at ppb levels. Considering more than 40 published catalytic systems for which liquid phase Pd content have been reported, activities have been computed based on leached Pd concentrations and are shown to be in the range TOF 150 to 70,000,000 h − 1 . Such values are compatible with those found for the well-established homogeneous catalysts which questions the validity of the conclusions raised by many papers about the heterogeneous (solid) nature of Suzuki-Miyaura catalysis. Last, a tentative methodology is proposed which involves the rational use of well-known tests (hot-filtration test, mercury test…) to help to discriminate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms.
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Ojala J, Visanko M, Laitinen O, Österberg M, Sirviö JA, Liimatainen H. Emulsion Stabilization with Functionalized Cellulose Nanoparticles Fabricated Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112765. [PMID: 30366392 PMCID: PMC6278293 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this experiment, the influence of the morphology and surface characteristics of cellulosic nanoparticles (i.e., cellulose nanocrystals [CNCs] and cellulose nanofibers [CNFs]) on oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion stabilization was studied using non-modified or functionalized nanoparticles obtained following deep eutectic solvent (DES) pre-treatments. The effect of the oil-to-water ratio (5, 10, and 20 wt.-% (weight percent) of oil), the type of nanoparticle, and the concentration of the particles (0.05–0.2 wt.-%) on the oil-droplet size (using laser diffractometry), o/w emulsion stability (via analytical centrifugation), and stabilization mechanisms (using field emission scanning electron microscopy with the model compound—i.e., polymerized styrene in water emulsions) were examined. All the cellulosic nanoparticles studied decreased the oil droplet size in emulsion (sizes varied from 22.5 µm to 8.9 µm, depending on the nanoparticle used). Efficient o/w emulsion stabilization against coalescence and an oil droplet-stabilizing web-like structure were obtained only, however, with surface-functionalized CNFs, which had a moderate hydrophilicity level. CNFs without surface functionalization did not prevent either the coalescence or the creaming of emulsions, probably due to the natural hydrophobicity of the nanoparticles and their instability in water. Moderately hydrophilic CNCs, on the other hand, distributed evenly and displayed good interaction with both dispersion phases. The rigid structure of CNCs meant, however, that voluminous web structures were not formed on the surface of oil droplets; they formed in flat, uniform layers instead. Consequently, emulsion stability was lower with CNCs, when compared with surface-functionalized CNFs. Tunable cellulose nanoparticles can be used in several applications such as in enhanced marine oil response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Ojala
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Miikka Visanko
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Ossi Laitinen
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Juho Antti Sirviö
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Henrikki Liimatainen
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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