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Barlow SR, Tomkinson D, Halcovitch NR, Evans NH. Rapid synthesis of hydrogen bond templated handcuff rotaxanes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5393-5400. [PMID: 38873753 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00672k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The rapid synthesis of hydrogen bond templated handcuff rotaxanes is described. The isolated rotaxanes were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopies and high resolution mass spectrometry. This report represents a rare demonstration of preparing (2)handcuff [2]rotaxanes by covalently linking separate axles threaded through the rings of a bis-macrocycle by use of the copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - David Tomkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | | | - Nicholas H Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
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Iuliano V, Della Sala P, Talotta C, Liguori L, Monaco G, Tiberio E, Gaeta C, Neri P. Chromogenic Properties of p-Pyridinium- and p-Viologen-Calixarenes and Their Cation-Sensing Abilities. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13001-13010. [PMID: 34469156 PMCID: PMC8453632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The synthesis of calix[4]- and -[6]arene derivatives P6(H)22+·(Cl–)2, V4(H)24+·(Cl–)2·(I–)2, and V6(H)24+·(Cl–)2·(I–)2 bearing N-linked pyridinium (P) and viologen (V) units at the upper rim is described here. A rare example
of an anionic conformational template is reported for p-pyridiniumcalix[6]arene P6(H)22+, which adopts a 1,3,5-alternate conformation in the presence of
chloride anions. Derivatives P6(H)22+·(Cl–)2, V6(H)24+·(Cl–)2·(I–)2, and V4(H)24+·(Cl–)2·(I–)2 show a negative solvatochromism, while their UV–vis
acid–base titration evidenced that upon addition of a base,
new bands appear at 487, 583, and 686 nm, respectively, due to the
formation of betainic monodeprotonated species P6(H)1+, V6(H)13+,
and V4(H)13+. These new bands were
attributable to the intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) transition
from the phenoxide to the pyridinium or viologen moiety and were responsive
to the presence of cations. In fact, the band at 487 nm of P6(H)1+ was quenched in the presence of a hard
Li+ cation, and the color of its acetonitrile solution
was changed from pink to colorless upon addition of LiI. Consequently,
this derivative can be considered as a useful host for the recognition
and sensing of lithium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Iuliano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Paolo Della Sala
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Carmen Talotta
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luca Liguori
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monaco
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ermelinda Tiberio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Carmine Gaeta
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Placido Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Iuliano V, Talotta C, Gaeta C, Hickey N, Geremia S, Vatsouro I, Kovalev V, Neri P. Influence of exo-Adamantyl Groups and endo-OH Functions on the Threading of Calix[6]arene Macrocycle. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12585-12593. [PMID: 32900204 PMCID: PMC8011915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Calix[6]arenes
bearing adamantyl groups at the exo-rim form pseudorotaxanes
with dialkylammonium axles paired to the
weakly coordinating [B(ArF)4]− anion. The exo-adamantyl groups give rise to a
more efficient threading with respect to the exo-tert-butyl ones, leading to apparent association constants
more than one order of magnitude higher. This improved stability has
been ascribed to the more favorable van der Waals interactions of exo-adamantyls versus exo-tert-butyls with the cationic axle. Calix[6]arenes bearing endo-OH functions give rise to a less efficient threading with respect
to the endo-OR ones, in line with what was known
from the complexation of alkali metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Iuliano
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Carmen Talotta
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Carmine Gaeta
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Neal Hickey
- Centro di Eccellenza in Biocristallografia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Centro di Eccellenza in Biocristallografia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivan Vatsouro
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kovalev
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Placido Neri
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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