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Margetić D. Recent applications of mechanochemistry in synthetic organic chemistry. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The promotion of chemical reactions by an unconventional energy source, mechanical energy (mechanochemistry) has increasing number of applications in organic synthesis. The advantages of mechanochemistry are versatile, from reduction of solvent use, increase of reaction efficiency to better environmental sustainability. This paper gives a short review on the recent developments in the fast growing field of organic mechanochemistry which are illustrated by selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Margetić
- Laboratory for Physical Organic Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička c. 54 , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
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2
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Cuccu F, De Luca L, Delogu F, Colacino E, Solin N, Mocci R, Porcheddu A. Mechanochemistry: New Tools to Navigate the Uncharted Territory of "Impossible" Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200362. [PMID: 35867602 PMCID: PMC9542358 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical transformations have made chemists enter unknown territories, forcing a different chemistry perspective. While questioning or revisiting familiar concepts belonging to solution chemistry, mechanochemistry has broken new ground, especially in the panorama of organic synthesis. Not only does it foster new "thinking outside the box", but it also has opened new reaction paths, allowing to overcome the weaknesses of traditional chemistry exactly where the use of well-established solution-based methodologies rules out progress. In this Review, the reader is introduced to an intriguing research subject not yet fully explored and waiting for improved understanding. Indeed, the study is mainly focused on organic transformations that, although impossible in solution, become possible under mechanochemical processing conditions, simultaneously entailing innovation and expanding the chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cuccu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Niclas Solin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Electronic and Photonic Materials (EFM), Building Fysikhuset, Room M319, Campus, Valla, Sweden
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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3
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Antol I, Glasovac Z, Murata Y, Hashikawa Y, Margetić D. Consecutive Utilization of Mechanochemical and Microwave Methods for the Synthesis of Boc‐2‐amino‐quinazolin‐4(3
H
)‐ones and DFT Study of Mechanism 6π‐Diazaelectrocyclization Process. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Antol
- Laboratory for physical organic chemistry Division of organic chemistry and Biochemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Zoran Glasovac
- Laboratory for physical organic chemistry Division of organic chemistry and Biochemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Structural Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department Division of Synthetic Chemistry Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Structural Organic Chemistry Laboratory Department Division of Synthetic Chemistry Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Davor Margetić
- Laboratory for physical organic chemistry Division of organic chemistry and Biochemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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4
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Stolar T, Grubešić S, Cindro N, Meštrović E, Užarević K, Hernández JG. Mechanochemical Prebiotic Peptide Bond Formation*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12727-12731. [PMID: 33769680 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The presence of amino acids on the prebiotic Earth, either stemming from endogenous chemical routes or delivered by meteorites, is consensually accepted. Prebiotically plausible pathways to peptides from inactivated amino acids are still unclear as most oligomerization approaches rely on thermodynamically disfavored reactions in solution. Now, a combination of prebiotically plausible minerals and mechanochemical activation enables the oligomerization of glycine at ambient temperature in the absence of water. Raising the reaction temperature increases the degree of oligomerization concomitantly with the formation of a commonly unwanted cyclic glycine dimer (DKP). However, DKP is a productive intermediate in the mechanochemical oligomerization of glycine. The findings of this research show that mechanochemical peptide bond formation is a dynamic process that provides alternative routes towards oligopeptides and establishes new synthetic approaches for prebiotic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Stolar
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saša Grubešić
- Xellia Pharmaceuticals, Slavonska avenija 24/6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Cindro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ernest Meštrović
- Xellia Pharmaceuticals, Slavonska avenija 24/6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Stolar T, Grubešić S, Cindro N, Meštrović E, Užarević K, Hernández JG. Mechanochemical Prebiotic Peptide Bond Formation**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Stolar
- Division of Physical Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Saša Grubešić
- Xellia Pharmaceuticals Slavonska avenija 24/6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Nikola Cindro
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Zagreb Horvatovac 102a 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Ernest Meštrović
- Xellia Pharmaceuticals Slavonska avenija 24/6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Užarević
- Division of Physical Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - José G. Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička c. 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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6
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Halstenberg PW, Maltsev D, Nguyen D, Kim E, Dai S. Mechanochemical Synthesis of High-Purity Anhydrous Binary Alkali and Alkaline Earth Chloride Mixtures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W. Halstenberg
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Dmitry Maltsev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Dianna Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Ellie Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
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7
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Andreozzi P, Tamberi L, Tasca E, Giacomazzo GE, Martinez M, Severi M, Marradi M, Cicchi S, Moya S, Biagiotti G, Richichi B. The B & B approach: Ball-milling conjugation of dextran with phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized BODIPY. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2272-2281. [PMID: 32983271 PMCID: PMC7492696 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is an emerging and reliable alternative to conventional solution (batch) synthesis of complex molecules under green and solvent-free conditions. In this regard, we report here on the conjugation of a dextran polysaccharide with a fluorescent probe, a phenylboronic acid (PBA)-functionalized boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) applying the ball milling approach. The ball milling formation of boron esters between PBA BODIPY and dextran proved to be more efficient in terms of reaction time, amount of reactants, and labelling degree compared to the corresponding solution-based synthetic route. PBA-BODIPY dextran assembles into nanoparticles of around 200 nm by hydrophobic interactions. The resulting PBA-BODIPY dextran nanoparticles retain an apolar interior as proved by pyrene fluorescence, suitable for the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs with high biocompatibility while remaining fluorescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Andreozzi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20014 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Lorenza Tamberi
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20014 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Elisamaria Tasca
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20014 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
- Chemistry Department, University “La Sapienza”, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gina Elena Giacomazzo
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Marta Martinez
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20014 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
| | - Mirko Severi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Stefano Cicchi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Sergio Moya
- Soft Matter Nanotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182 C, 20014 San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Spain
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Giacomo Biagiotti
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3/13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
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Canale V, Frisi V, Bantreil X, Lamaty F, Zajdel P. Sustainable Synthesis of a Potent and Selective 5-HT 7 Receptor Antagonist Using a Mechanochemical Approach. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10958-10965. [PMID: 32706254 PMCID: PMC7458427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A mechanochemical
procedure was developed to obtain PZ-1361, a potent and
selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, with
antidepressant properties in rodents. The elaborated protocol offered
several advantages over classical batch synthesis, including improvement
of the overall yield (from 34% to 64%), reduction of reaction time
(from 60 to 5.5 h), limitation of the use of toxic solvents, and the
formation of byproducts. This approach represents a rare example of
the synthesis of biologically active compounds exclusively performed
using mechanochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Canale
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Valeria Frisi
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Paweł Zajdel
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kraków 30-688, Poland
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van Bonn P, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Mechanochemical Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Reactions Using Mo(CO) 6. Chemistry 2020; 26:2576-2580. [PMID: 31802549 PMCID: PMC7065133 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Esters and amides were mechanochemically prepared by palladium-catalyzed carbonylative reactions of aryl iodides by using molybdenum hexacarbonyl as a convenient solid carbonyl source and avoiding a direct handling of gaseous carbon monoxide. Real-time monitoring of the mechanochemical reaction by in situ pressure sensing revealed that CO is rapidly transferred from Mo(CO)6 to the active catalytic system without significant release of molecular carbon monoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pit van Bonn
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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10
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Nicholson WI, Seastram AC, Iqbal SA, Reed‐Berendt BG, Morrill LC, Browne DL. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Acyl Anion Organocatalysis by Ball-Milling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:131-135. [PMID: 31774627 PMCID: PMC6972762 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to conduct N-heterocyclic carbene-catalysed acyl anion chemistry under ball-milling conditions is reported for the first time. This process has been exemplified through applications to intermolecular-benzoin, intramolecular-benzoin, intermolecular-Stetter and intramolecular-Stetter reactions including asymmetric examples and demonstrates that this mode of mechanistically complex organocatalytic reaction can operate under solvent-minimised conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I. Nicholson
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Saqib A. Iqbal
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G. Reed‐Berendt
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
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11
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Yu J, Yang X, Wu C, Su W. Palladium-Catalyzed C–H/C–H Cross-Coupling by Mechanochemistry: Direct Alkenylation and Heteroarylation of N1-Protected 1H-Indazoles. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1009-1021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Chongyang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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Lambat TL, Abdala AA, Mahmood S, Ledade PV, Chaudhary RG, Banerjee S. Sulfamic acid promoted one-pot multicomponent reaction: a facile synthesis of 4-oxo-tetrahydroindoles under ball milling conditions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39735-39742. [PMID: 35541403 PMCID: PMC9076070 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an efficient and facile one-pot synthesis of 4-oxo-tetrahydroindoles using sulfamic acid under ball milling conditions. The present protocol for preparation of biologically important 4-oxo-tetrahydroindoles offers several advantages such as mild reaction conditions, improved selectivity and higher isolated yields. Moreover, solvent-free reaction conditions and the use of ball milling make the present protocol environmentally friendly in nature. We report an efficient and facile one-pot synthesis of 4-oxo-tetrahydroindoles using sulfamic acid under ball milling conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Trimurti L. Lambat
- Department of Chemistry
- Manoharbhai Patel College of Arts, Commerce & Science
- Dist-Gondia 441901
- India
| | - Ahmed A. Abdala
- Chemical Engineering Program
- Texas A & M University at Qatar
- Doha
- Qatar
| | - Sami Mahmood
- Department of Physics
- The University of Jordan
- Amman 11942
- Jordan
| | - Pankaj V. Ledade
- Department of Chemistry
- Yashwantrao Chawhan Arts, Commerce & Science College
- Bhandara 441803
- India
| | - Ratiram G. Chaudhary
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry
- S. K. Porwal College of Arts, Commerce & Science
- Kamptee-441001
- India
| | - Subhash Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya
- Bilaspur
- India
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