1
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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Logvinenko IG, Sadkova IV, Tolmachova NA, Shishkina SV, Daniliuc CG, Haufe G, Kondratov IS. 4-Trifluoromethoxy proline: synthesis of stereoisomers and lipophilicity study. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 38973538 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
All four stereoisomers of 4-CF3O-proline have been synthesized through a fluorodesulfurization approach using the corresponding 4-hydroxyprolines as starting materials. The investigation of their lipophilicity characteristics and comparison with those of other 4-substituted proline analogs demonstrated a similar impact of CF3 and CF3O groups on log D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan G Logvinenko
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Address V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar Str. 1, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Svitlana V Shishkina
- SSI "Institute for Single Crystals" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Ave. 60, Kharkiv 61072, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar Str. Str. 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, Münster 48149, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan S Kondratov
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Address V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar Str. 1, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Enamine Germany GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, G837, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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3
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García-López J, Khomenko DM, Zakharchenko BV, Doroshchuk RO, Starova VS, Iglesias MJ, Lampeka RD, López-Ortiz F. Solvent- and functional-group-assisted tautomerism of 3-alkyl substituted 5-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoles in DMSO-water. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9443-9458. [PMID: 37997179 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The tautomerism of a series of 5-alkyl substituted 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazoles in DMSO-d6-containing water has been investigated by 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopy. The populations of the three possible regioisomers in the tautomeric equilibrium (A [3-alkyl-5-(2-pyridyl)-1H], B [5-alkyl-3-(2-pyridyl)-1H] and C [5-alkyl-3-(2-pyridyl)-4H]) were determined. Isomers A (17-40%) and B (54-79%) are the major components and their ratio is insensitive to the substitution pattern, except for the unsubstituted and the methoxymethyl substituted derivatives. The isomer C (3-5%) has been fully characterised for the first time by NMR spectroscopy. Activation energies of tautomerisation (14.74-16.78 kcal mol-1) were determined by EXSY experiments, which also supported the involvement of water in the tautomerisation. Substituent effects on the 15N chemical shifts are relatively small. The DFT study of the tautomerism in DMSO-water showed that both A/B and B/C interconversions are assisted by the pyridine substituent and catalysed by solvent molecules. The NH-A/NH-B tautomerisation takes place via a relayed quadruple proton transfer mediated by three water molecules in the hydrogen-bonded cyclic substructure of a triazole·4H2O complex. The equilibrium B ⇄ C involves three steps: NH-B transfer to the pyridyl nitrogen mediated by a water molecule in a 1 : 1 cyclic complex, rotamerisation to bring the pyridinium NH close to N4 of the triazole catalysed by complexation to a DMSO molecule and transfer of the NH from the pyridinium donor to the N4 acceptor via a 1 : 1 complex with a bridging water molecule. This mechanism of 1,3-prototropic shift in triazoles is unprecedented in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús García-López
- Área de Química Orgánica, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain.
| | - Dmytro M Khomenko
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Borys V Zakharchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Roman O Doroshchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Viktoriia S Starova
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine.
| | - María José Iglesias
- Área de Química Orgánica, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain.
| | - Rostyslav D Lampeka
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Fernando López-Ortiz
- Área de Química Orgánica, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, 04120, Spain.
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4
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Chernykh AV, Aloshyn D, Kuchkovska YO, Daniliuc CG, Tolmachova NA, Kondratov IS, Zozulya S, Grygorenko OO, Haufe G. Impact of β-perfluoroalkyl substitution of proline on the proteolytic stability of its peptide derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9337-9350. [PMID: 36107003 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01430k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of all stereoisomers of β-CF3 or β-C2F5 substituted prolines and their dipeptide derivatives were synthesized. Mouse plasma stability assay was carried out to study the impact of fluoroalkyl substituents on the proteolytic stability of proline-derived peptides. The effect of the (R)-/(S)-configuration at the C-2 atom in combination with electronic and steric effects imposed by fluoroalkyl groups was addressed to rationalize the difference in the half-life stability of diastereomeric β-CF3-Pro-Gly and β-C2F5-Pro-Gly derivatives and compared to those of parent (S)-Pro-Gly and (R)-Pro-Gly dipeptides. The steric effect was predominant when the β-CF3 or β-C2F5 group was placed properly to create a spatial interference within the pockets of proteases, thereby protecting the substances from degradation (e.g., for cis-isomeric derivatives). Otherwise, a smaller electronic effect accelerating proteolysis was in charge (i.e., for the (2S,3S) isomers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Chernykh
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine. .,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyïv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Danylo Aloshyn
- Bienta/Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | | | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ivan S Kondratov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine. .,V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of, Ukraine, Murmanska Street 1, Kyïv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Zozulya
- Bienta/Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine. .,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyïv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Mykhailiuk PK. Fluorine-Containing Prolines: Synthetic Strategies, Applications, and Opportunities. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6961-7005. [PMID: 35175772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated prolines play an important role in peptide studies, protein engineering, medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and agrochemistry. Since the first synthesis of 4-fluoroprolines by Gottlieb and Witkop in 1965, their popularity started to grow exponentially. For example, during the past two decades, all isomeric trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines have been synthesized. In this Perspective, chemical properties and applications of fluorinated prolines are discussed. Synthetic approaches to all known fluorine-containing prolines are also discussed and analyzed. This analysis unexpectedly revealed an unsolved problem: in strict contrast to fluoro- and trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines, the corresponding analogues with fluoromethyl and difluoromethyl groups are mostly unknown. At the end of the paper, structures of several interesting, yet unknown, fluorinated prolines are disclosed─a good opportunity for chemists to make them.
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6
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Kubyshkin V. Application of (4 R)-aminoproline in peptide engineering: conformational bias and pH-responsiveness revisited. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00305h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
How do we make proline residues pH sensitive?
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kubyshkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd., R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, Canada
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7
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Linclau B, Wang Z, Jeffries B, Graton J, Carbajo RJ, Sinnaeve D, Le Questel J, Scott JS, Chiarparin E. Relating Conformational Equilibria to Conformer‐Specific Lipophilicities: New Opportunities in Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University Campus Sterre, S4 Krijgslaan 281 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Benjamin Jeffries
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Jérôme Graton
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230 Université de Nantes CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 44000 Nantes France
| | | | - Davy Sinnaeve
- Univ. Lille Inserm Institut Pasteur de Lille CHU Lille U1167—RID-AGE—Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases 59000 Lille France
- CNRS ERL9002—Integrative Structural Biology 59000 Lille France
| | - Jean‐Yves Le Questel
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230 Université de Nantes CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 44000 Nantes France
| | - James S. Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D AstraZeneca Cambridge CB4 0WG UK
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8
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Linclau B, Wang Z, Jeffries B, Graton J, Carbajo RJ, Sinnaeve D, Le Questel JY, Scott JS, Chiarparin E. Relating Conformational Equilibria to Conformer-Specific Lipophilicities: New Opportunities in Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114862. [PMID: 34913249 PMCID: PMC9304282 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Efficient drug discovery is based on a concerted effort in optimizing bioactivity and compound properties such as lipophilicity, and is guided by efficiency metrics that reflect both aspects. While conformation–activity relationships and ligand conformational control are known strategies to improve bioactivity, the use of conformer‐specific lipophilicities (logp) is much less explored. Here we show how conformer‐specific logp values can be obtained from knowledge of the macroscopic logP value, and of the equilibrium constants between the individual species in water and in octanol. This is illustrated with fluorinated amide rotamers, with integration of rotamer 19F NMR signals as a facile, direct method to obtain logp values. The difference between logp and logP optimization is highlighted, giving rise to a novel avenue for lipophilicity control in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, S4, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Benjamin Jeffries
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jérôme Graton
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Rodrigo J Carbajo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Davy Sinnaeve
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Risk Factors and Molecular, Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, 59000, Lille, France.,CNRS, ERL9002-Integrative Structural Biology, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Yves Le Questel
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - James S Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
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9
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Kubyshkin V, Bürck J, Babii O, Budisa N, Ulrich AS. Remarkably high solvatochromism in the circular dichroism spectra of the polyproline-II conformation: limitations or new opportunities? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26931-26939. [PMID: 34825904 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism is a conventional method for studying the secondary structures of peptides and proteins and their transitions. While certain circular dichroism features are characteristic of α-helices and β-strands, the third most abundant secondary structure, the polyproline-II helix, does not exhibit a strictly conserved spectroscopic appearance. Due to its extended nature, the polyproline-II helix is highly accessible to the surrounding solvent; thus, the environment has a critical influence on the lineshape of the circular dichroism spectra of this structure. To showcase possible effects due to the medium, in this work, we report an experimental spectroscopic study of polyproline-II-forming oligomeric peptides in various environments: solvents, detergent micelles, and liposomes. Strikingly, the examination of an oligomeric peptide in a solvent series showed a remarkable 7 nm solvatochromic shift in the main negative band starting with hexafluoropropan-2-ol and moving to hexane. Furthermore, a previously predicted positive band below 200 nm was discovered in the spectra in nonpolar environments. In isotropic liposomes, the expected transition to the transmembrane state correlated with the appearance of a positive band at 228 nm. Our results demonstrate that changes in solvation should be taken into consideration when assessing the circular dichroism spectra of peptides expected to adopt the polyproline-II conformation. Although this precaution may complicate spectral analysis, characterization of solvent-induced spectral changes can generate new opportunities for testing the location of peptides in complex systems such as micelles or lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kubyshkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Jochen Bürck
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Oleg Babii
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada. .,Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Str. 10, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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10
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Kubyshkin V. Experimental lipophilicity scale for coded and noncoded amino acid residues. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7031-7040. [PMID: 34333582 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01213d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among other features, the polarity of amino acid residues is the key parameter for understanding their role in proteins. The wide occurrence of protein modifications in nature and the advent of genetic code engineering techniques created a need for an experimental polarity value integrating both coded (canonical) and noncoded (noncanonical) residues on one universal scale. To address this issue, this work reports on a polarity scale based on the experimental lipophilicity of methyl esters of N-acetylamino acids. The derivatization of amino acids was performed in two steps under mild conditions that allowed conversion of a wide array of amino acids into analytical derivatives. The partitioning/distribution between octan-1-ol and water/buffer was measured using the intensity of the NMR signal as a characteristic for the concentration. The reference set of twenty coded amino acids generated log P values spanning 5.1 units: from tryptophan being the most hydrophobic to aspartate being the most hydrophilic. Furthermore, lipophilicity was measured for a set of analogues of phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, methionine, proline, and lysine that are typical in nature and/or laboratory practice. The polarity scale reported here will aid the rationalization of amino acid replacements in proteins, and will guide further efforts in experimental genetic code engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kubyshkin
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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11
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Mondal R, Agbaria M, Nairoukh Z. Fluorinated Rings: Conformation and Application. Chemistry 2021; 27:7193-7213. [PMID: 33512034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine atoms into molecules and materials across many fields of academic and industrial research is now commonplace, owing to their unique properties. A particularly interesting feature is the impact of fluorine substitution on the relative orientation of a C-F bond when incorporated into organic molecules. In this Review, we will be discussing the conformational behavior of fluorinated aliphatic carbo- and heterocyclic systems. The conformational preference of each system is associated with various interactions introduced by fluorine substitution such as charge-dipole, dipole-dipole, and hyperconjugative interactions. The contribution of each interaction on the stabilization of the fluorinated alicyclic system, which manifests itself in low conformations, will be discussed in detail. The novelty of this feature will be demonstrated by presenting the most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Mohamed Agbaria
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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12
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Motornov VA, Tabolin AA, Nelyubina YV, Nenajdenko VG, Ioffe SL. Copper-catalyzed [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of α-halonitroalkenes with azomethine ylides: facile synthesis of multisubstituted pyrrolidines and pyrroles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3413-3427. [PMID: 33899878 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient route for the synthesis of multifunctionalized pyrrolidines based on copper-catalyzed diastereoselective [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of nitroalkenes with azomethine ylides was developed. Novel fluorinated heterocycles - β-fluoro-β-nitropyrrolidines - were accessed via this method. The products can be prepared in good to excellent yields and with high diastereoselectivity. Subsequent transformations of pyrrolidines including oxidative aromatization into fluorinated pyrrolines and medicinally attractive β-fluoro-NH-pyrroles as well as chemoselective reduction reactions were demonstrated. Application of the developed procedures for the non-fluorinated analogues was demonstrated to lead to various β-substituted pyrrole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Motornov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Tabolin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Yulia V Nelyubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 28, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sema L Ioffe
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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13
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Kubyshkin V, Davis R, Budisa N. Biochemistry of fluoroprolines: the prospect of making fluorine a bioelement. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:439-460. [PMID: 33727970 PMCID: PMC7934785 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the heterocyclic structure and distinct conformational profile, proline is unique in the repertoire of the 20 amino acids coded into proteins. Here, we summarize the biochemical work on the replacement of proline with (4R)- and (4S)-fluoroproline as well as 4,4-difluoroproline in proteins done mainly in the last two decades. We first recapitulate the complex position and biochemical fate of proline in the biochemistry of a cell, discuss the physicochemical properties of fluoroprolines, and overview the attempts to use these amino acids as proline replacements in studies of protein production and folding. Fluorinated proline replacements are able to elevate the protein expression speed and yields and improve the thermodynamic and kinetic folding profiles of individual proteins. In this context, fluoroprolines can be viewed as useful tools in the biotechnological toolbox. As a prospect, we envision that proteome-wide proline-to-fluoroproline substitutions could be possible. We suggest a hypothetical scenario for the use of laboratory evolutionary methods with fluoroprolines as a suitable vehicle to introduce fluorine into living cells. This approach may enable creation of synthetic cells endowed with artificial biodiversity, containing fluorine as a bioelement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kubyshkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rebecca Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nediljko Budisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Müller-Breslau-Str. 10, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Troup RI, Jeffries B, Saudain REB, Georgiou E, Fish J, Scott JS, Chiarparin E, Fallan C, Linclau B. Skipped Fluorination Motifs: Synthesis of Building Blocks and Comparison of Lipophilicity Trends with Vicinal and Isolated Fluorination Motifs. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1882-1900. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert I. Troup
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Benjamin Jeffries
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Eleni Georgiou
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Johanna Fish
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - James S. Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Charlene Fallan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Bruno Linclau
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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