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Butler SM, Hountondji M, Berry SN, Tan J, Macia L, Jolliffe KA. A macrocyclic fluorescent probe for the detection of citrate. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8548-8553. [PMID: 37846461 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01442h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a macrocyclic fluorescent probe for the detection of citrate. This receptor binds citrate through hydrogen-bonding interactions in aqueous solutions, and exhibits a turn-on in fluorescence in response to binding. The presence of common biologically relevant dicarboxylate species does not significantly impact the fluorescence response. We have demonstrated the utility of this probe with the staining of murine splenocytes, and identified different basal levels of citrate present in immune cell subsets via flow cytometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Butler
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Hountondji
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart N Berry
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Jian Tan
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- The Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katrina A Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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2
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Maulbetsch T, Frech P, Scheele M, Törnroos KW, Kunz D. A Saddle-Shaped Expanded Porphyrinoid Fitting C 60. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302104. [PMID: 37421647 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of a new type of an expanded porphyrinoid macrocycle with a saddle-shaped morphology and its complexation of C60 guest molecules. The new macrocycle contains four carbazole and four triazole moieties and can be readily synthesized via a copper-catalyzed click reaction. It shows specific photo-physical properties including fluorescence with a high quantum yield of 60 %. The combination of the saddle-shaped geometry with the expanded π-system allows for host-guest interactions with C60 in a stacked polymer fashion. Evidence for the presence of a host-guest complex is provided both in solution by NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by X-ray structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Maulbetsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Frech
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Theoretische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl W Törnroos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Doris Kunz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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New macrocycles based on pyrazole-tetrazole subunit: synthesis, characterization and their complexing properties toward heavy metal cations. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-023-01177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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4
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Rüütel A, Tshepelevitsh S, Leito I. One Hundred Carboxylate Receptors. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14186-14193. [PMID: 36214741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a compilation of binding constant (logKass) values in DMSO-d6/H2O (0.5% m/m) for a variety of receptors with 12 carboxylate anions (formate, acetate, lactate, pivalate, sorbate, hexanoate, benzoate, glyphosate, glucuronate, ibuprofen, naproxen, and ketoprofen). A total of 489 logKass values are listed for 100 anion receptor molecules. Most logKass values originate from previously published articles, along with some values for previously unpublished receptor molecules, spanning a workflow of 8 years. The purpose of this study is to serve as a comprehensive information source for selecting suitable receptor candidates to be used in practical carboxylate sensing applications, such as constructing ion-selective electrodes (ISE-s). To support such decision making, all receptors are presented together with lipophilicity (logPo/w) data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alo Rüütel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofja Tshepelevitsh
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411Tartu, Estonia
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Abstract
The quantification of anion binding by molecular receptors within lipid bilayers remains challenging. Here we measure anion binding in lipid bilayers by creating a fluorescent macrocycle featuring a strong sulfate affinity. We find the determinants of anion binding in lipid bilayers to be different from those expected that govern anion binding in solution. Charge-dense anions H2PO4- and Cl- that prevail in dimethyl sulfoxide fail to bind to the macrocycle in lipids. In stark contrast, ClO4- and I- that hardly bind in dimethyl sulfoxide show surprisingly significant affinities for the macrocycle in lipids. We reveal a lipid bilayer anion binding principle that depends on anion polarisability and bilayer penetration depth of complexes leading to unexpected advantages of charge-diffuse anions. These insights enhance our understanding of how biological systems select anions and guide the design of functional molecular systems operating at biomembrane interfaces.
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6
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Synthesis and anion binding properties of carbazole-based macrocycles with bis-sulfonamide and bis-amide groups. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Kheirjou S, Rüütel A, Darnell A, Haljasorg T, Leito I. Macrocyclic versus open-chain carbazole receptors for carboxylate binding. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2121-2130. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02398e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anion recognition properties of six synthetic acyclic and macrocyclic carbazole-based receptors have been studied by 1H-NMR as well as with COSMO-RS calculations towards acetate, benzoate, lactate, sorbate and formate. The...
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Maslowska-Jarzyna K, Korczak ML, Wagner JA, Chmielewski MJ. Carbazole-Based Colorimetric Anion Sensors. Molecules 2021; 26:3205. [PMID: 34071969 PMCID: PMC8199442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their strong carbazole chromophore and fluorophore, as well as to their powerful and convergent hydrogen bond donors, 1,8-diaminocarbazoles are amongst the most attractive and synthetically versatile building blocks for the construction of anion receptors, sensors, and transporters. Aiming to develop carbazole-based colorimetric anion sensors, herein we describe the synthesis of 1,8-diaminocarbazoles substituted with strongly electron-withdrawing substituents, i.e., 3,6-dicyano and 3,6-dinitro. Both of these precursors were subsequently converted into model diamide receptors. Anion binding studies revealed that the new receptors exhibited significantly enhanced anion affinities, but also significantly increased acidities. We also found that rear substitution of 1,8-diamidocarbazole with two nitro groups shifted its absorption spectrum into the visible region and converted the receptor into a colorimetric anion sensor. The new sensor displayed vivid color and fluorescence changes upon addition of basic anions in wet dimethyl sulfoxide, but it was poorly selective; because of its enhanced acidity, the dominant receptor-anion interaction for most anions was proton transfer and, accordingly, similar changes in color were observed for all basic anions. The highly acidic and strongly binding receptors developed in this study may be applicable in organocatalysis or in pH-switchable anion transport through lipophilic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michał J. Chmielewski
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.-J.); (M.L.K.); (J.A.W.)
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Mao L, Zhou M, Niu YF, Zhao XL, Shi X. Aryl carbazole-based macrocycles: synthesis, their remarkably stable radical cations and host–guest complexation with fullerenes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00686j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have designed and synthesized a series of aryl carbazole-based macrocycles and their stable radical cation species and interesting fullerene recognition were systematically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Manfei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Fei Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xueliang Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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Potentiometric Carboxylate Sensors Based on Carbazole-Derived Acyclic and Macrocyclic Ionophores. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes with carbazole-derived ionophores were prepared. They were characterized as acetate sensors, but can be used to determine a number of carboxylates. The potentiometric response characteristics (slope, detection limit, selectivity, and pH sensitivity) of sensors prepared with different membrane compositions (ionophore, ionophore concentration, anion exchanger concentration, and plasticizer) were evaluated. The results show that for the macrocyclic ionophores, a larger cavity provided better selectivity. The sensors exhibited modest selectivity for acetate but good selectivity for benzoate. The carbazole-derived ionophores effectively decreased the interference from lipophilic anions, such as bromide, nitrate, iodide, and thiocyanate. The selectivity, detection limit, and linear range were improved by choosing a suitable plasticizer and by reducing the ionophore and anion exchanger concentrations. The influence of the electrode body’s material upon the composition of the plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane, and thus also upon the sensor characteristics, was also studied. The choice of materials for the electrode body significantly affected the characteristics of the sensors.
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Tshepelevitsh S, Kadam SA, Darnell A, Bobacka J, Rüütel A, Haljasorg T, Leito I. LogP determination for highly lipophilic hydrogen-bonding anion receptor molecules. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1132:123-133. [PMID: 32980103 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilicity, usually expressed as octanol-water partition coefficient (logPo/w), is an important property in biomedical research, drug design and technology. However, high logPo/w values of complex hydrogen-bonding molecules are not easy to measure or calculate. Exemplary problematic molecules are prospective active components (ionophores) of polymeric sensor membranes - the working elements of ion-selective electrodes. High lipophilicities of the membrane components are crucial for the sensor lifetime. In this work, lipophilicities of a wide range of urea-, carbazole- and indolocarbazole-based anion receptor molecules (some newly synthesized) and two common plasticizers were determined using a chromatography-based approach and/or the COSMO-RS method. Very high logPo/w values, up to around 20, i.e. far beyond directly experimentally accessible range, were obtained. The agreement between the two approaches ranged from very good to satisfactory. Based on these results, simple fragment-based equations were developed for quick lipophilicity estimation without any specialized software. Membrane-water partition coefficients for the studied compounds were modeled. Limitations and biases of the used methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofja Tshepelevitsh
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sandip A Kadam
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Astrid Darnell
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Alo Rüütel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõiv Haljasorg
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
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