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Sherwood J, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. N,N-Dimethyl Formamide European Restriction Demands Solvent Substitution in Research and Development. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202301639. [PMID: 38200662 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
As of December 2023, the use of common solvent N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) will be restricted in the European Union because of its reproductive health hazard. Industrial facilities must comply with stricter exposure limits, and researchers are recommended to find alternative solvents. Here we explain the restrictions on DMF, which disciplines are affected, and how to substitute DMF to keep research and development commercially relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sherwood
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, UK., YO10 5DD
| | - Fernando Albericio
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Sangon S, Supanchaiyamat N, Sherwood J, Macquarrie DJ, Noppawan P, Hunt AJ. Application of hindered ether solvents for palladium catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura, Sonogashira and cascade Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2603-2609. [PMID: 36896732 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Cross-coupling and cascade reactions typically rely on unsustainable and toxic volatile organic solvents. 2,2,5,5-Tetramethyloxolane (TMO) and 2,5-diethyl-2,5-dimethyloxolane (DEDMO) are both inherently non-peroxide forming ethers, and have been used in this work as effective, more sustainable, and potentially bio-based alternative solvents for Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira reactions. Suzuki-Miyaura reactions demonstrated good yields for a range of substrates, 71-89% in TMO and 63-92% in DEDMO. In addition, a Sonogashira reaction exhibited the excellent yields of 85-99% performed in TMO, which was significantly higher than traditional volatile organic solvents, THF or toluene, and higher than those reported for another non-peroxide forming ether, namely eucalyptol. Cascade Sonogashira reactions utilizing a simple annulation methodology were particularly effective in TMO. Furthermore, a green metric assessment confirmed that the methodology employing TMO was more sustainable and greener than the traditional solvents THF and toluene, thereby demonstrating the promise of TMO as an alternative solvent for Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwiwat Sangon
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Nontipa Supanchaiyamat
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - James Sherwood
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Duncan J Macquarrie
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Pakin Noppawan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Andrew J Hunt
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Horbaczewskyj CS, Fairlamb IJS. Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings: On the Importance of the Catalyst Quantity Descriptors, mol % and ppm. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2240-2269. [PMID: 36032362 PMCID: PMC9396667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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This Review examines parts per million (ppm) palladium
concentrations
in catalytic cross-coupling reactions and their relationship with
mole percentage (mol %). Most studies in catalytic cross-coupling
chemistry have historically focused on the concentration ratio between
(pre)catalyst and the limiting reagent (substrate), expressed as mol
%. Several recent papers have outlined the use of “ppm level”
palladium as an alternative means of describing catalytic cross-coupling
reaction systems. This led us to delve deeper into the literature
to assess whether “ppm level” palladium is a practically
useful descriptor of catalyst quantities in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling
reactions. Indeed, we conjectured that many reactions could, unknowingly,
have employed low “ppm levels” of palladium (pre)catalyst,
and generally, what would the spread of ppm palladium look like across
a selection of studies reported across the vast array of the cross-coupling
chemistry literature. In a few selected examples, we have examined
other metal catalyst systems for comparison with palladium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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4
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Jordan A, Hall CGJ, Thorp LR, Sneddon HF. Replacement of Less-Preferred Dipolar Aprotic and Ethereal Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry with More Sustainable Alternatives. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6749-6794. [PMID: 35201751 PMCID: PMC9098182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents comprise just over 40% of all organic solvents utilized in synthetic organic, medicinal, and process chemistry. Unfortunately, many of the common "go-to" solvents are considered to be "less-preferable" for a number of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) reasons such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or for practical handling reasons such as flammability and volatility. Recent legislative changes have initiated the implementation of restrictions on the use of many of the commonly employed dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and for ethers such as 1,4-dioxane. Thus, with growing legislative, EHS, and societal pressures, the need to identify and implement the use of alternative solvents that are greener, safer, and more sustainable has never been greater. Within this review, the ubiquitous nature of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed with respect to the physicochemical properties that have made them so appealing to synthetic chemists. An overview of the current legislative restrictions being imposed on the use of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed. A variety of alternative, safer, and more sustainable solvents that have garnered attention over the past decade are then examined, and case studies and examples where less-preferable solvents have been successfully replaced with a safer and more sustainable alternative are highlighted. Finally, a general overview and guidance for solvent selection and replacement are included in the Supporting Information of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory, 6 Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2GA, U.K
| | - Callum G J Hall
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL, U.K.,GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee R Thorp
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Helen F Sneddon
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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Seo Y, Putro WS, Faried M, Lee VY, Mizusaki T, Takagi Y, Choe YK, Matsumoto K, Choi JC, Fukaya N. [Pd(4-RSi-IPr)(allyl)Cl]/KCO/EtOH: A highly effective catalytic system for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Annatelli M, Dalla Torre D, Musolino M, Aricò F. Dimethyl isosorbide via organocatalyst N-methyl pyrrolidine: scaling up, purification and concurrent reaction pathways. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00465d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-yielding methylation of isosorbide via DMC chemistry promoted by N-methyl pyrrolidine is herein reported. This study addresses: DMI purification, scale-up tests, insights on the catalyst role and on the reaction pathways leading to DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Annatelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics
- University of Ca’ Foscari
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
| | - Davide Dalla Torre
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics
- University of Ca’ Foscari
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
| | - Manuele Musolino
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics
- University of Ca’ Foscari
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
| | - Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics
- University of Ca’ Foscari
- 30172 Venezia Mestre
- Italy
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