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Amide Bond Formation via the Rearrangement of Nitrile Imines Derived from N-2-Nitrophenyl Hydrazonyl Bromides. Org Lett 2021; 24:334-338. [PMID: 34964648 PMCID: PMC8762704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report how the rearrangement of highly reactive nitrile imines derived from N-2-nitrophenyl hydrazonyl bromides can be harnessed for the facile construction of amide bonds. This amidation reaction was found to be widely applicable to the synthesis of primary, secondary, and tertiary amides and was used as the key step in the synthesis of the lipid-lowering agent bezafibrate. The orthogonality and functional group tolerance of this approach was exemplified by the N-acylation of unprotected amino acids.
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Kar S, Sanderson H, Roy K, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J. Green Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3637-3710. [PMID: 34910451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The principles of green chemistry (GC) can be comprehensively implemented in green synthesis of pharmaceuticals by choosing no solvents or green solvents (preferably water), alternative reaction media, and consideration of one-pot synthesis, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), continuous processing, and process intensification approaches for atom economy and final waste reduction. The GC's execution in green synthesis can be performed using a holistic design of the active pharmaceutical ingredient's (API) life cycle, minimizing hazards and pollution, and capitalizing the resource efficiency in the synthesis technique. Thus, the presented review accounts for the comprehensive exploration of GC's principles and metrics, an appropriate implication of those ideas in each step of the reaction schemes, from raw material to an intermediate to the final product's synthesis, and the final execution of the synthesis into scalable industry-based production. For real-life examples, we have discussed the synthesis of a series of established generic pharmaceuticals, starting with the raw materials, and the intermediates of the corresponding pharmaceuticals. Researchers and industries have thoughtfully instigated a green synthesis process to control the atom economy and waste reduction to protect the environment. We have extensively discussed significant reactions relevant for green synthesis, one-pot cascade synthesis, MCRs, continuous processing, and process intensification, which may contribute to the future of green and sustainable synthesis of APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Section for Toxicology and Chemistry, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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Ray A, Atal S, Sadasivam B. Understanding the molecular-pharmaceutical basis of sartan recalls focusing on valsartan. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2020; 2020:e202025. [PMID: 33426042 PMCID: PMC7768543 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2020.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or the 'sartans' are widely used for the management of hypertension and heart failure. There have been a series of recent incidents where drug formulations containing different ARBs as active pharmaceutical ingredients have been recalled by various pharmaceutical firms. This article addresses valsartan as well as other sartan recalls besides discussing the recent recalls of ranitidine and metformin, giving insights into the molecular-pharmaceutical basis of the recalls. A thorough literature search of PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar databases was performed to identify all relevant articles and information published up to 29th April 2020 using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) and Boolean operators. We also searched for relevant information on the web using web-browsers and reference lists from original research papers and review articles. The main impurity found was N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) which was thought to be formed due to a change in the manufacturing process of valsartan. Besides, other impurities such N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA) were found in batches of other sartans, such as losartan and irbesartan. All of these are carcinogens and harmful if consumed at a level beyond a certain acceptable daily limit. Ranitidine, and more recent metformin recalls, have also been linked with valsartan in view of the presence of NDMA, the same impurity. Safety of ARBs is a major concern among healthcare professionals after the recalls of valsartan in the recent years. Periodic quality assessment of the manufacturing process and the drugs is key to ensure safe, effective and high-quality drugs for the global population. Additionally, practising physicians need to be vigilant in reporting adverse events in their patients receiving treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shubham Atal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Balakrishnan Sadasivam
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Maier MC, Valotta A, Hiebler K, Soritz S, Gavric K, Grabner B, Gruber-Woelfler H. 3D Printed Reactors for Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C. Maier
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Alessia Valotta
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Katharina Hiebler
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Sebastian Soritz
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Kristian Gavric
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bianca Grabner
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Heidrun Gruber-Woelfler
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, 8010, Austria
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NDMA impurity in valsartan and other pharmaceutical products: Analytical methods for the determination of N-nitrosamines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 164:536-549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Moselage
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jie Li
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Santra S, Hota PK, Bhattacharyya R, Bera P, Ghosh P, Mandal SK. Palladium Nanoparticles on Graphite Oxide: A Recyclable Catalyst for the Synthesis of Biaryl Cores. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400468h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Santra
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research − Kolkata, Nadia 741252, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Hota
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research − Kolkata, Nadia 741252, India
| | - Rangeet Bhattacharyya
- Department
of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research − Kolkata, Nadia 741252, India
| | - Parthasarathi Bera
- Surface
Engineering Division, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore 560017, India
| | - Prasenjit Ghosh
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research − Pune, Pune 411021, India
| | - Swadhin K. Mandal
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research − Kolkata, Nadia 741252, India
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