1
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Senzaki T, Saito Y, Kobayashi S. Reductive N-Alkylation of Amines with Ketones Using Heterogeneous Polysilane-Palladium Catalysts under Continuous-Flow Conditions. Org Lett 2024; 26:3772-3777. [PMID: 38666753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
This work reports a continuous-flow reductive N-alkylation of amines with ketones using molecular hydrogen. The reaction, performed with highly active polysilane-modified heterogeneous palladium catalysts, enables the efficient synthesis of diversely substituted amines under mild flow conditions. The developed catalyst exhibits sustained activity for 5 days (turnover number of >2400). Moreover, the utility of the method is demonstrated by the synthesis of a key intermediate of the active pharmaceutical ingredient teneligliptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Senzaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Miyamura H, Suzuki A, Zhu Z, Kobayashi S. Hydrogen Generation from Organic Hydrides under Continuous-Flow Conditions Using Polymethylphenylsilane-Aluminum Immobilized Platinum Catalyst. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200569. [PMID: 35841214 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen is an important resource for realizing the goal of a hydrogen-based society as well as for synthetic organic chemistry. Catalytic dehydrogenation of organic hydrides such as methyl cyclohexane is attractive for hydrogen storage and transportation in terms of reversibility and selectivity of catalytic reactions and hydrogen storage density. We developed a highly active polymethylphenylsilane-aluminum immobilized platinum catalyst (Pt/MPPSi-Al2O3) for dehydrogenation of organic hydrides. Organic hydrides were fully converted into the corresponding aromatic compounds under reactive distillation conditions at 200 °C or under circulation-flow conditions using the Pt/MPPSi-Al2O3 catalyst packed in a column at 260 °C. The dehydrogenation reaction reached a maximum conversion at equilibrium (ca. 60%) under continuous-flow conditions at 260 °C. This catalytic continuous-flow dehydrogenation was applied to a formal hydrogen transfer from organic hydrides to unsaturated organic substrates under sequential and continuous-flow conditions for practical flow hydrogenation reactions by connecting two different heterogeneous catalysts packed in columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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3
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Lin G, Qiu H. Diverse Supports for Immobilization of Catalysts in Continuous Flow Reactors. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200069. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geyu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Huibin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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4
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Sharma N, Sharma C, Sharma S, Sharma S, Paul S. The synergetic effect of PdCr based bimetallic catalysts supported on RGO-TiO2 for organic transformations. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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5
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Salique F, Musina A, Winter M, Yann N, Roth PMC. Continuous Hydrogenation: Triphasic System Optimization at Kilo Lab Scale Using a Slurry Solution. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.701910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their widespread use in the chemical industries, hydrogenation reactions remain challenging. Indeed, the nature of reagents and catalysts induce intrinsic safety challenges, in addition to demanding process development involving a 3-phase system. Here, to address common issues, we describe a successful process intensification study using a meso-scale flow reactor applied to a hydrogenation reaction of ethyl cinnamate at kilo lab scale with heterogeneous catalysis. This method relies on the continuous pumping of a catalyst slurry, delivering fresh catalyst through a structured flow reactor in a continuous fashion and a throughput up to 54.7 g/h, complete conversion and yields up to 99%. This article describes the screening of equipment, reactions conditions and uses statistical analysis methods (Monte Carlo/DoE) to improve the system further and to draw conclusions on the key influential parameters (temperature and residence time).
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6
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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7
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Saito Y, Kobayashi S. Development of Robust Heterogeneous Chiral Rhodium Catalysts Utilizing Acid-Base and Electrostatic Interactions for Efficient Continuous-Flow Asymmetric Hydrogenations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16546-16551. [PMID: 32902272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous chiral Rh catalysts based on acid-base and electrostatic interactions have been developed. The robust catalysts demonstrate high activity and selectivity in the continuous-flow asymmetric hydrogenation of a wide variety of enamides and dehydroamino acids, providing optically active amides without leaching of metal species. The chiral environments can be easily tuned by changing the chiral ligands, demonstrating the high versatility of the heterogeneous catalysts. By applying these efficient catalysts, continuous synthesis of several active pharmaceutical ingredient intermediates was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Saito
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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8
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Fernandez-Puertas E, Robinson AJ, Robinson H, Sathiyalingam S, Stubbs H, Edwards LJ. Evaluation and Screening of Spherical Pd/C for Use as a Catalyst in Pharmaceutical-Scale Continuous Hydrogenations. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah Robinson
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG15NY, U.K
| | | | - Heather Stubbs
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG15NY, U.K
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG15NY, U.K
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9
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Miyamura H, Tobita F, Suzuki A, Kobayashi S. Polymer Immobilized Bimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation of Quinones and Integration of Quinone-hydrogenation and Its Derivatization Using Sequential and Continuous-flow Systems. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Ueno M, Miyoshi N, Hanada K, Kobayashi S. Three‐Component, One‐Pot Tandem Sonogashira/Suzuki‐Miyaura Coupling Reactions for the Synthesis of a Library of Ceramide‐Transport Protein Inhibitors Designed In Silico. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Ueno
- Department of Chemistry School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Department of Natural Science Graduate School of Advanced Technology and ScienceTokushima University 2-1 Minami-jousanjima Tokushima 770-8506 Japan
| | - Norikazu Miyoshi
- Department of Natural Science Graduate School of Advanced Technology and ScienceTokushima University 2-1 Minami-jousanjima Tokushima 770-8506 Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell BiologyNational Institute of Infectious Diseases 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8640 Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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11
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Miyamura H, Kobayashi S. Nanoparticle Catalysts in Flow Systems. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Miyamura H, Yasukawa T, Zhu Z, Kobayashi S. Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoesters using Heterogeneous Chiral Metal Nanoparticle Systems. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasukawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of ScienceThe University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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13
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Miyamura H, Tobita F, Suzuki A, Kobayashi S. Direct Synthesis of Hydroquinones from Quinones through Sequential and Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation‐Derivatization Using Heterogeneous Au–Pt Nanoparticles as Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyamura
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Fumiya Tobita
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Aya Suzuki
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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14
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Miyamura H, Tobita F, Suzuki A, Kobayashi S. Direct Synthesis of Hydroquinones from Quinones through Sequential and Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation‐Derivatization Using Heterogeneous Au–Pt Nanoparticles as Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9220-9224. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyamura
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Fumiya Tobita
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Aya Suzuki
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceThe University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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15
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Miyamura H, Suzuki A, Yasukawa T, Kobayashi S. Polysilane-Immobilized Rh-Pt Bimetallic Nanoparticles as Powerful Arene Hydrogenation Catalysts: Synthesis, Reactions under Batch and Flow Conditions and Reaction Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11325-11334. [PMID: 30080963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenation of arenes is an important reaction not only for hydrogen storage and transport but also for the synthesis of functional molecules such as pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds. Here, we describe the development of heterogeneous Rh-Pt bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts for the hydrogenation of arenes with inexpensive polysilane as support. The catalysts could be used in both batch and continuous-flow systems with high performance under mild conditions and showed wide substrate generality. In the continuous-flow system, the product could be obtained by simply passing the substrate and 1 atm H2 through a column packed with the catalyst. Remarkably, much higher catalytic performance was observed in the flow system than in the batch system, and extremely strong durability under continuous-flow conditions was demonstrated (>50 days continuous run; turnover number >3.4 × 105). Furthermore, details of the reaction mechanisms and the origin of different kinetics in batch and flow were studied, and the obtained knowledge was applied to develop completely selective arene hydrogenation of compounds containing two aromatic rings toward the synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Aya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yasukawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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16
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Ishitani H, Furiya Y, Kobayashi S. Continuous-flow synthesis using a column reactor packed with heterogeneous catalysts: A convenient production of nitroolefins by using amino-functionalized silicagel. Bioorg Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28624241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A continuous-flow synthesis of β-nitroolefins by using heterogeneous base catalysts has been developed. Although the use of an excess amount of nitro-donor such as nitromethane is required in conventional methods, nearly equimolar amounts of nitro-donors and carbonyl compounds are sufficient for high-yielding production of nitroolefins. Catalysts for this flow protocol are inexpensive and abundant, and high durability and high productivity were also realized by using an appropriate second support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruro Ishitani
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichi Furiya
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Cooperation Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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17
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Monguchi Y, Ichikawa T, Sajiki H. Recent Development of Palladium-Supported Catalysts for Chemoselective Hydrogenation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 65:2-9. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Zhang J, Gong C, Zeng X, Xie J. Continuous flow chemistry: New strategies for preparative inorganic chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Baramov T, Loos P, Hassfeld J, Alex H, Beller M, Stemmler T, Meier G, Gottfried M, Roggan S. Encapsulated Cobalt Oxide on Carbon Nanotube Support as Catalyst for Selective Continuous Hydrogenation of the Showcase Substrate 1-Iodo-4-nitrobenzene. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todor Baramov
- Bayer Pharma AG; Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-333 42117 Wuppertal Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Patrick Loos
- Bayer Pharma AG; Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-333 42117 Wuppertal Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Mercachem B.V.; Kerkenbos 1013 6546 BB Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Hassfeld
- Bayer Pharma AG; Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 217-333 42117 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Hannes Alex
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Tobias Stemmler
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT); Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Gregor Meier
- CAT Catalytic Center; RWTH Aachen University; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
- Oxea GmbH; Global Technology; Otto-Roelen-Str. 3 46147 Oberhausen Germany
| | | | - Stefan Roggan
- Bayer AG; Engineering & Technology (E&T); 51368 Leverkusen Germany
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20
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Kobayashi S. Flow "Fine" Synthesis: High Yielding and Selective Organic Synthesis by Flow Methods. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:425-36. [PMID: 26337828 PMCID: PMC4770433 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The concept of flow "fine" synthesis, that is, high yielding and selective organic synthesis by flow methods, is described. Some examples of flow "fine" synthesis of natural products and APIs are discussed. Flow methods have several advantages over batch methods in terms of environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety. However, synthesis by flow methods is more difficult than synthesis by batch methods. Indeed, it has been considered that synthesis by flow methods can be applicable for the production of simple gasses but that it is difficult to apply to the synthesis of complex molecules such as natural products and APIs. Therefore, organic synthesis of such complex molecules has been conducted by batch methods. On the other hand, syntheses and reactions that attain high yields and high selectivities by flow methods are increasingly reported. Flow methods are leading candidates for the next generation of manufacturing methods that can mitigate environmental concerns toward sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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21
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Kobayashi S, Okumura M, Akatsuka Y, Miyamura H, Ueno M, Oyamada H. Powerful Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation by using Poly(dimethyl)silane-Supported Palladium Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shū Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Mikiko Okumura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yuichi Akatsuka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Nikko Chemicals Co. Ltd.; Nasu Factory; 1844 Kamiishigami Ohtawara Tochigi 324-0037 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masaharu Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hidekazu Oyamada
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science; The University of Tokyo; Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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22
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Tsubogo T, Oyamada H, Kobayashi S. Multistep continuous-flow synthesis of (R)- and (S)-rolipram using heterogeneous catalysts. Nature 2015; 520:329-32. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Munirathinam R, Huskens J, Verboom W. Supported Catalysis in Continuous-Flow Microreactors. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201401081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Hattori T, Ida T, Tsubone A, Sawama Y, Monguchi Y, Sajiki H. Facile Arene Hydrogenation under Flow Conditions Catalyzed by Rhodium or Ruthenium on Carbon. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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25
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Hsieh CT, Ötvös SB, Wu YC, Mándity IM, Chang FR, Fülöp F. Highly Selective Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Potentially Bioactive Deuterated Chalcone Derivatives. Chempluschem 2015; 80:859-864. [PMID: 31973339 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The selective synthesis of various dideuterochalcones as potentially bioactive deuterium-labeled products is presented, by means of the highly controlled partial deuteration of antidiabetic chalcone derivatives. The benefits of continuous-flow processing in combination with on-demand electrolytic D2 gas generation has been exploited to avoid over-reaction to undesired side products and to achieve selective deuterium addition to the carbon-carbon double bond of the starting enones without the need for unconventional catalysts or expensive special reagents. The roles of pressure, temperature, and residence time proved crucial for the fine-tuning of the sensitive balance between the product selectivity and the reaction rate. The presented flow-chemistry-based deuteration technique lacks most of the drawbacks of the classical batch methods, and is convenient, time- and cost-efficient, and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ting Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged (Hungary)
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged (Hungary).,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged (Hungary)
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - István M Mándity
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged (Hungary)
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Research Center for Natural Products and New Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged (Hungary).,MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged (Hungary)
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26
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Osako T, Torii K, Tazawa A, Uozumi Y. Continuous-flow hydrogenation of olefins and nitrobenzenes catalyzed by platinum nanoparticles dispersed in an amphiphilic polymer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07563g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous-flow hydrogenation of olefins and nitrobenzenes with ARP-Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Osako
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) and JST-ACCEL
- Okazaki
- Japan
| | - Kaoru Torii
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) and JST-ACCEL
- Okazaki
- Japan
| | - Aya Tazawa
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) and JST-ACCEL
- Okazaki
- Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uozumi
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) and JST-ACCEL
- Okazaki
- Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science
- Wako
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27
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Hattori T, Tsubone A, Sawama Y, Monguchi Y, Sajiki H. Systematic evaluation of the palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation under flow conditions. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Chen J, Przyuski K, Roemmele R, Bakale RP. Improved Continuous Flow Processing: Benzimidazole Ring Formation via Catalytic Hydrogenation of an Aromatic Nitro Compound. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400179f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceuticals, 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern,
Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Katrin Przyuski
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceuticals, 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern,
Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Renee Roemmele
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceuticals, 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern,
Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Roger P. Bakale
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Pharmaceuticals, 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern,
Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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30
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Javaid R, Kawasaki SI, Suzuki A, Suzuki TM. Simple and rapid hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol with aqueous formic acid in catalytic flow reactors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1156-63. [PMID: 23843908 PMCID: PMC3701373 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner surface of a metallic tube (i.d. 0.5 mm) was coated with a palladium (Pd)-based thin metallic layer by flow electroless plating. Simultaneous plating of Pd and silver (Ag) from their electroless-plating solution produced a mixed distributed bimetallic layer. Preferential acid leaching of Ag from the Pd–Ag layer produced a porous Pd surface. Hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol was examined in the presence of formic acid simply by passing the reaction solution through the catalytic tubular reactors. p-Aminophenol was the sole product of hydrogenation. No side reaction occurred. Reaction conversion with respect to p-nitrophenol was dependent on the catalyst layer type, the temperature, pH, amount of formic acid, and the residence time. A porous and oxidized Pd (PdO) surface gave the best reaction conversion among the catalytic reactors examined. p-Nitrophenol was converted quantitatively to p-aminophenol within 15 s of residence time in the porous PdO reactor at 40 °C. Evolution of carbon dioxide (CO2) was observed during the reaction, although hydrogen (H2) was not found in the gas phase. Dehydrogenation of formic acid did not occur to any practical degree in the absence of p-nitrophenol. Consequently, the nitro group was reduced via hydrogen transfer from formic acid to p-nitrophenol and not by hydrogen generated by dehydrogenation of formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Javaid
- Research Center for Compact Chemical System, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, 4-2-1 Nigatake, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8551, Japan
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31
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Karami K, Shehni MB, Rahimi N. Preparation of a titania-supported highly dispersed palladium nano-catalyst and its application in Suzuki and Heck coupling reactions. Appl Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Karami
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156/83111 Iran
| | | | - Nasser Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan 84156/83111 Iran
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32
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Tsubogo T, Ishiwata T, Kobayashi S. Asymmetrische Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-Kupplungen unter kontinuierlichen Durchflussbedingungen mit chiralen Heterogenkatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201210066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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Tsubogo T, Ishiwata T, Kobayashi S. Asymmetric Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation under Continuous-Flow Conditions with Chiral Heterogeneous Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6590-604. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201210066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Tsubogo T, Yamashita Y, Kobayashi S. Toward Efficient Asymmetric Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation: Continuous Flow with Chiral Heterogeneous Catalysts. Chemistry 2012; 18:13624-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Petersen TP, Polyzos A, O'Brien M, Ulven T, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. The oxygen-mediated synthesis of 1,3-butadiynes in continuous flow: using Teflon AF-2400 to effect gas/liquid contact. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:274-277. [PMID: 21948655 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trine P Petersen
- Whiffen Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Biradar AV, Biradar AA, Asefa T. Silica-dendrimer core-shell microspheres with encapsulated ultrasmall palladium nanoparticles: efficient and easily recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalysts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:14408-14418. [PMID: 21951192 DOI: 10.1021/la203066d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic properties of novel monodisperse SiO(2)@Pd-PAMAM core-shell microspheres containing SiO(2) microsphere cores and PAMAM dendrimer-encapsulated Pd nanoparticle (Pd-PAMAM) shells. First, SiO(2) microspheres, which were prepared by the Stöber method, were functionalized with vinyl groups by grafting their surfaces with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTS). The vinyl groups were then converted into epoxides by using m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Upon treatment with amine-terminated G4 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, the SiO(2)-supported epoxides underwent ring-opening and gave SiO(2)@PAMAM core-shell microspheres. Pd nanoparticles within the cores of the SiO(2)-supported PAMAM dendrimers were synthesized by letting Pd(II) ions complex with the amine groups in the cores of the dendrimers and then reducing them into Pd(0) with NaBH(4). This produced the SiO(2)@Pd-PAMAM core-shell microspheres. The presence of the different functional groups on the materials was monitored by following the changes in FTIR spectra, elemental analyses, and weight losses on thermogravimetric traces. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed the presence of Pd nanoparticles with average size of 1.56 ± 0.67 nm on the surface of the monodisperse SiO(2)@Pd-PAMAM core-shell microspheres. The SiO(2)@Pd-PAMAM core-shell microspheres were successfully used as an easily recyclable catalyst for hydrogenation of various olefins, alkynes, keto, and nitro groups, giving ~100% conversion and high turnover numbers (TONs) under 10 bar H(2) pressure, at room temperature and in times ranging from 10 min to 3 h. In addition, the SiO(2)@Pd-PAMAM core-shell microspheres were proven to be recyclable catalysts up to five times with barely any leaching of palladium into the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush V Biradar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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