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Goto M, Nishimura G, Sato H, Yamaguchi Y, Morimoto N, Hashimoto H, Takahashi N. Pharmacological profile of upacicalcet, a novel positive allosteric modulator of calcium-sensing receptor, in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175936. [PMID: 37541363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Upacicalcet (formerly SK-1403/AJT240) is a novel non-peptide calcimimetic agent that acts as a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We compared upacicalcet with other calcimimetics (etelcalcetide or cinacalcet) and examined its in vitro and in vivo characteristics in terms of its human CaSR agonistic activity, its efficacy in normal and CKD rats after a single administration, and its effect on gastric emptying in rats. Upacicalcet activated human CaSR depending on the extracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration without exhibiting an agonistic action when the extracellular Ca2+ level was below the physiological level. On the other hand, etelcalcetide had an agonistic activity even in the absence of physiological levels of extracellular Ca2+. The intravenous administration of upacicalcet to normal and double-nephrectomized rats dose-dependently (0.03-3mg/kg and 0.3-30mg/kg, respectively) decreased the serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and serum Ca2+ levels; however, the effect of upacicalcet on the reduction in serum Ca2+ disappeared at extracellular Ca2+ levels below the physiologically range, even when administered at a dose higher (100-fold) than the effective dose. Furthermore, upacicalcet did not affect gastric emptying in normal rats when administered up to a dose of 10mg/kg (300-fold higher than the dose affecting serum iPTH levels), while the administration of cinacalcet significantly slowed gastric emptying by approximately 50%. These findings suggest that upacicalcet has potential as an alternative calcimimetic agent with good pharmacological properties and a lower risk of hypocalcemia and gastrointestinal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritaka Goto
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan.
| | - Go Nishimura
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Morimoto
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hashimoto
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd., 363 Shiosaki, Hokusei-cho, Inabe, Mie, 511-0406, Japan
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2
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Hirbawi N, Lin PC, Jarvo ER. Halogenation Reactions of Alkyl Alcohols Employing Methyl Grignard Reagents. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12352-12369. [PMID: 36049783 PMCID: PMC9486953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Grignard reagents are commonly used as carbanion equivalents. Herein, we report an example of Grignard reagents acting as halide nucleophiles to form alkyl iodides and bromides. We establish that Grignard reagents can convert alkyl mesylates into alkyl halides, as well as be employed in a one-pot halogenation reaction starting from alcohols, which proceed through mesylate intermediates. The halogenation reaction is confirmed to occur by an SN2 pathway with inversion of configuration and is demonstrated to be efficient on multi-gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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3
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Shi Y, Wang Y, Huang Z, Zhang F, Shao Y. t BuOLi-Promoted Hydroboration of Esters and Epoxides. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18876-18886. [PMID: 35694491 PMCID: PMC9178618 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available and inexpensive lithium tert-butoxide ( t BuOLi) acts as a good precatalyst for the hydroboration of esters, lactones, and epoxides using pinacolborane as a borylation agent. Functional groups such as cyano-, nitro-, amino-, vinyl, and alkynyl are unaffected under the presented hydroboration process, representing high chemoselectivity. This transformation has also been effectively applied to the synthesis of key intermediates of Erlotinib and Cinacalcet. Preliminary investigations of the mechanism show that the hydroboration proceeds through the in situ formed BH3 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Shi
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhefan Huang
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Fangjun Zhang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical
University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yinlin Shao
- College
of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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4
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Baumann A, Isak D, Lohbeck J, Jagtap PKA, Hennig J, Miller AK. Scalable synthesis and structural characterization of reversible KLK6 inhibitors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26989-26993. [PMID: 36320846 PMCID: PMC9490775 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scalable asymmetric syntheses of two kallikrein-related protease 6 (KLK6) inhibitors are reported. The inhibitors are assembled by linking enantiomerically enriched fragments via amide bond formation, followed by conversion of a cyano group to an amidine. One fragment, an amine, was prepared using the Ellman auxiliary, and a lack of clarity in the literature regarding the stereochemical outcome of this reaction was solved via X-ray crystallographic analysis of two derivatives. Complexes of the inhibitors bound to human KLK6 were solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing the binding poses. We report scalable syntheses of two potent and selective kallikrein related peptidase 6 (KLK6) inhibitors, as well as X-ray crystal structures of both inhibitors as protein-ligand complexes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Baumann
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Isak
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lohbeck
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pravin Kumar Ankush Jagtap
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janosch Hennig
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Chair of Biochemistry IV, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Aubry K. Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Runikhina S, Eremin D, Chusov D. Reductive Aldol-type Reactions in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2021; 27:15327-15360. [PMID: 34403177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The efficient chemo-, regio- and stereoselective formation of saturated carbon-carbon fragment is the critical challenge of organic synthesis; therefore, developing new methods for formation of these bonds is paramount. The rising interest for reductive aldol-type reactions is conditioned by its versatile applications, allowing the efficient formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The review aims to highlight the advantages and disadvantage of reductive aldol-type reactions to total synthesis of pharmaceutical substances in order to summarize knowledge and encourage further investigation of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Runikhina
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Eremin
- University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3502, USA
| | - Denis Chusov
- A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Vavilova St. 28, Moscow, Russian Federation
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6
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Achuenu C, Carret S, Poisson J, Berthiol F. Application of Chiral Sulfinamides into Formation and Reduction of Sulfinylketimines to Obtain Valuable α‐Chiral Primary Amines. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chukuka Achuenu
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO) UMR CNRS‐UGA5250, ICMG FR‐2607 Université Grenoble Alpes 301 Rue de la Chimie, BP 53 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Sébastien Carret
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO) UMR CNRS‐UGA5250, ICMG FR‐2607 Université Grenoble Alpes 301 Rue de la Chimie, BP 53 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Jean‐François Poisson
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO) UMR CNRS‐UGA5250, ICMG FR‐2607 Université Grenoble Alpes 301 Rue de la Chimie, BP 53 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Florian Berthiol
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (SERCO) UMR CNRS‐UGA5250, ICMG FR‐2607 Université Grenoble Alpes 301 Rue de la Chimie, BP 53 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
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7
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Hamdan II, El-Sabawi D, Tverdokhleb NM, Lantushenko AO, Evstigneev MP, Abu-Dahab R. Studies on potential interaction between cinacalcet hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium. Biophys Chem 2020; 266:106460. [PMID: 32890944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2020.106460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cinacalcet (CT) is an important drug for the treatment hyperparathyroidism. Only few studies havereported thepotential interaction between CT and other potentially coadministered drugs. In this study, the potential of invitro interaction between CT and DF sodium (DF-Na) was investigated. An ion pair salt of CT with DF was obtained by mixing the two compounds in solution; the product was fully characterized by HPLC analysis, UV, FTIR, NMR spectroscopy in addition to DSC. The solubility and partition coefficients were found to significantly decrease and increase, respectively, for the obtained ion pair salt in comparison to the parent compounds. Dissolution studies in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 revealed a significant decrease in the dissolution of an already poorly water soluble drug (decrease to ~20% of the original). Permeation studies, through Caco-2 cells monolayer, revealed a significant decrease in permeation of CT when coexisted with DF (almost to half). Apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) decreased from 3.6 × 10-6 to 1.8 × 10-6 cm/s. Interestingly, a structure for the formed CT-DF salt that could explain the above findings (increase in lipophilicity), could be proposed based on structural modelling, molecular dynamic simulations and NMR proton chemical shifts analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad I Hamdan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Dina El-Sabawi
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - N M Tverdokhleb
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol 299053, Russian Federation
| | - A O Lantushenko
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol 299053, Russian Federation
| | - M P Evstigneev
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biophysics, Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol 299053, Russian Federation
| | - Rana Abu-Dahab
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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8
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Afanasyev OI, Kuchuk E, Usanov DL, Chusov D. Reductive Amination in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11857-11911. [PMID: 31633341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reductive amination plays a paramount role in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry owing to its synthetic merits and the ubiquitous presence of amines among biologically active compounds. It is one of the key approaches to C-N bond construction due to its operational easiness and a wide toolbox of protocols. Recent studies show that at least a quarter of C-N bond-forming reactions in the pharmaceutical industry are performed via reductive amination. This Review concisely compiles information on 71 medical substances that are synthesized by reductive amination. Compounds are grouped according to the principle of action, which includes drugs affecting the central nervous system, drugs affecting the cardiovascular system, anticancer drugs, antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal medicines, drugs affecting the urinary system, drugs affecting the respiratory system, antidiabetic medications, drugs affecting the gastrointestinal tract, and drugs regulating metabolic processes. A general synthetic scheme is provided for each compound, and the description is focused on reductive amination steps. The green chemistry metric of reaction mass efficiency was calculated for all reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg I Afanasyev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilova St. 28 , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Kuchuk
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilova St. 28 , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry L Usanov
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Denis Chusov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Vavilova St. 28 , Moscow 119991 , Russian Federation.,National Research University Higher School of Economics , Miasnitskaya Str. 20 , Moscow 101000 , Russian Federation.,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia , 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street , Moscow 117198 , Russian Federation
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9
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Sun X, Wang X, Liu F, Gao Z, Bian Q, Wang M, Zhong J. Enantioselective synthesis of (R)-Cinacalcet via cobalt-catalysed asymmetric Negishi cross-coupling. Chirality 2019; 31:682-687. [PMID: 31310396 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel enantioselective synthesis of (R)-cinacalcet with 99% enantiomeric excesses (ee) has been achieved. The main strategies of the approach include a gram-scale cobalt-catalysed asymmetric cross-coupling of racemic ester with arylzinc reagent, Hoffman-type rearrangement of acidamide, the amidation of chiral amine, and improving the ee of chiral amide from 87% to 99% via recrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- Department of Applied Chemestry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemestry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feipeng Liu
- Department of Applied Chemestry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zidong Gao
- Department of Applied Chemestry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Bian
- Department of Applied Chemestry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Applied Chemestry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangchun Zhong
- Department of Applied Chemestry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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10
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Adamkiewicz A, Mlynarski J. Diastereoselective Hydrosilylation of N
-(tert
-Butylsulfinyl)imines Catalyzed by Zinc Acetate. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Zhu Y, Liu Z, Li H, Ye D, Zhou W. A novel and practical asymmetric synthesis of dapoxetine hydrochloride. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2641-5. [PMID: 26734109 PMCID: PMC4685759 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and practical asymmetric synthesis of dapoxetine hydrochloride by using the chiral auxiliary (S)-tert-butanesulfinamide was explored. The synthesis was concise, mild, and easy to perform. The overall yield and stereoselectivity were excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhu
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285, Gebaini Rd., Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826, Zhangheng Rd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenren Liu
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285, Gebaini Rd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285, Gebaini Rd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Deyong Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No. 826, Zhangheng Rd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weicheng Zhou
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285, Gebaini Rd., Shanghai 201203, China
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12
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Sorribes I, Junge K, Beller M. Direct catalytic N-alkylation of amines with carboxylic acids. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14314-9. [PMID: 25230096 DOI: 10.1021/ja5093612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward process for the N-alkylation of amines has been developed applying readily available carboxylic acids and silanes as the hydride source. Complementary to known reductive aminations, effective C-N bond construction proceeds under mild conditions and allows obtaining a broad range of alkylated secondary and tertiary amines, including fluoroalkyl-substituted anilines as well as the bioactive compound Cinacalcet HCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Sorribes
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, University of Rostock , Albert Einstein Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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13
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Prediger P, da Silva AR, Correia CRD. Construction of 3-arylpropylamines using Heck arylations. The total synthesis of cinacalcet hydrochloride, alverine, and tolpropamine. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Wang J, Sánchez-Roselló M, Aceña JL, del Pozo C, Sorochinsky AE, Fustero S, Soloshonok VA, Liu H. Fluorine in Pharmaceutical Industry: Fluorine-Containing Drugs Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001–2011). Chem Rev 2013; 114:2432-506. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4002879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3202] [Impact Index Per Article: 291.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Carlos del Pozo
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexander E. Sorochinsky
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Institute
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 1, 02660 Kyiv-94, Ukraine
| | - Santos Fustero
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hong Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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