1
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Anh Nguyen TK, Trần-Phú T, Daiyan R, Minh Chau Ta X, Amal R, Tricoli A. From Plastic Waste to Green Hydrogen and Valuable Chemicals Using Sunlight and Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202401746. [PMID: 38757221 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over 79 % of 6.3 billion tonnes of plastics produced from 1950 to 2015 have been disposed in landfills or found their way to the oceans, where they will reside for up to hundreds of years before being decomposed bringing upon significant dangers to our health and ecosystems. Plastic photoreforming offers an appealing alternative by using solar energy and water to transform plastic waste into value-added chemical commodities, while simultaneously producing green hydrogen via the hydrogen evolution reaction. This review aims to provide an overview of the underlying principles of emerging plastic photoreforming technologies, highlight the challenges associated with experimental protocols and performance assessments, discuss recent global breakthroughs on the photoreforming of plastics, and propose perspectives for future research. A critical assessment of current plastic photoreforming studies shows a lack of standardised conditions, hindering comparison amongst photocatalyst performance. Guidelines to establish a more accurate evaluation of materials and systems are proposed, with the aim to facilitate the translation of promising fundamental discovery in photocatalysts design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kim Anh Nguyen
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thành Trần-Phú
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Present address: Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Rahman Daiyan
- Particles and Catalysis Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xuan Minh Chau Ta
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rose Amal
- Particles and Catalysis Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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2
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Benny A, Di Simo L, Guazzelli L, Scanlan EM. Radical Mediated Decarboxylation of Amino Acids via Photochemical Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) Elimination. Molecules 2024; 29:1465. [PMID: 38611745 PMCID: PMC11013372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the first examples of amino acid decarboxylation via photochemically activated carbonyl sulfide (COS) elimination of the corresponding thioacids. This method offers a mild approach for the decarboxylation of amino acids, furnishing N-alkyl amino derivatives. The methodology was compatible with amino acids displaying both polar and hydrophobic sidechains and was tolerant towards widely used amino acid-protecting groups. The compatibility of the reaction with continuous-flow conditions demonstrates the scalability of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alby Benny
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Simo
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.); (L.D.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eoin M. Scanlan
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (A.B.); (L.D.S.)
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3
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Ran C, Pu K. Molecularly generated light and its biomedical applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314468. [PMID: 37955419 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly generated light, referred to here as "molecular light", mainly includes bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, and Cerenkov luminescence. Molecular light possesses unique dual features of being both a molecule and a source of light. Its molecular nature enables it to be delivered as molecules to regions deep within the body, overcoming the limitations of natural sunlight and physically generated light sources like lasers and LEDs. Simultaneously, its light properties make it valuable for applications such as imaging, photodynamic therapy, photo-oxidative therapy, and photobiomodulation. In this review article, we provide an updated overview of the diverse applications of molecular light and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of molecular light across various domains. Lastly, we present forward-looking perspectives on the potential of molecular light in the realms of molecular imaging, photobiological mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and photobiomodulation. While some of these perspectives may be considered bold and contentious, our intent is to inspire further innovations in the field of molecular light applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Rigoglioso VP, Boydston AJ. Flow Optimization of Photoredox-Mediated Metal-Free Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1479-1485. [PMID: 37870749 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox-mediated metal-free ring-opening metathesis polymerization (MF-ROMP) is a convenient metal-free method to produce a variety of ROMP polymers. Transitioning MF-ROMP from a batch to a continuous flow process has yet to be demonstrated and could potentially benefit the production efficiency, safety, and modularity of reaction conditions. We designed and evaluated continuous flow and droplet flow setups and compared the results for MF-ROMP across a short series of common monomers. By using the droplet flow reactor setup, we achieved flow conversions comparable to that of batch and circumvented issues with diffusion-limited mixing and air exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Rigoglioso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew J Boydston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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O'Callaghan KS, Lynch D, Baumann M, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Flow photolysis of aryldiazoacetates leading to dihydrobenzofurans via intramolecular C-H insertion. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37248769 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flow photolysis of aryldiazoacetates 3-5 leads to C-H insertion to form dihydrobenzofurans 6-8 in a metal-free process, using either a medium pressure mercury lamp (250-390 nm) or LEDs (365 nm or 450 nm) with comparable synthetic outcomes. Significantly, addition of 4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone 9 results in an increased yield and also alters the stereochemical outcome leading to preferential isolation of the trans dihydrobenzofurans 6a-8a (up to 50% yield), while the cis and trans diastereomers of 6-8 are recovered in essentially equimolar amounts in the absence of a photosensitiser (up to 26% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S O'Callaghan
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Denis Lynch
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stuart G Collins
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - Anita R Maguire
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
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6
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Di Filippo M, Baumann M. Carbene-controlled regioselectivity in photochemical cascades. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2930-2934. [PMID: 36745509 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A highly regioselective route to complex carbocyclic scaffolds through a continuous photochemical process is reported. Crucially, we uncovered that ortho substitutents on the right-hand aryl ring are placed away from a transient carbene species which induces the exclusive regioselectivity observed. By varying the non-symmetrically substituted aryl moiety, we demonstrate how the product outcome favors cyclobutenes for electron-poor and neutral substituents and cycloheptatrienes for more electron-rich systems. Additionally, a photochemically induced rearrangement was uncovered for highly electron-rich substrates that ultimately generates complex hydroperoxides. Overall, this facile one-step process is fast and high yielding and demonstrates the power of photochemistry towards the exploration of new chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Di Filippo
- University College Dublin, School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- University College Dublin, School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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7
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O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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8
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Photochemical diazidation of alkenes enabled by ligand-to-metal charge transfer and radical ligand transfer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7881. [PMID: 36564375 PMCID: PMC9789121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicinal diamines are privileged synthetic motifs in chemistry due to their prevalence and powerful applications in bioactive molecules, pharmaceuticals, and ligand design for transition metals. With organic diazides being regarded as modular precursors to vicinal diamines, enormous efforts have been devoted to developing efficient strategies to access organic diazide generated from olefins, themselves common feedstock chemicals. However, state-of-the-art methods for alkene diazidation rely on the usage of corrosive and expensive oxidants or complicated electrochemical setups, significantly limiting the substrate tolerance and practicality of these methods on large scale. Toward overcoming these limitations, here we show a photochemical diazidation of alkenes via iron-mediated ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and radical ligand transfer (RLT). Leveraging the merger of these two reaction manifolds, we utilize a stable, earth abundant, and inexpensive iron salt to function as both radical initiator and terminator. Mild conditions, broad alkene scope and amenability to continuous-flow chemistry rendering the transformation photocatalytic were demonstrated. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the radical nature of the cooperative process in the photochemical diazidation, revealing this approach to be a powerful means of olefin difunctionalization.
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9
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Brown EE. Minireview: recent efforts toward upgrading lignin-derived phenols in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Horáková P, Kočí K. Continuous-Flow Chemistry and Photochemistry for Manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238536. [PMID: 36500629 PMCID: PMC9738912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is any substance in a pharmaceutical product that is biologically active. That means the specific molecular entity is capable of achieving a defined biological effect on the target. These ingredients need to meet very strict limits; chemical and optical purity are considered to be the most important ones. A continuous-flow synthetic methodology which utilizes a continuously flowing stream of reactive fluids can be easily combined with photochemistry, which works with the chemical effects of light. These methods can be useful tools to meet these strict limits. Both of these methods are unique and powerful tools for the preparation of natural products or active pharmaceutical ingredients and their precursors with high structural complexity under mild conditions. This review shows some main directions in the field of active pharmaceutical ingredients' preparation using continuous-flow chemistry and photochemistry with numerous examples of industry and laboratory-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Horáková
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- TEVA Czech Industries s.r.o., 747 70 Opava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamila Kočí
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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11
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Griffiths OM, Ley SV. Multicomponent Direct Assembly of N-Heterospirocycles Facilitated by Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13204-13223. [PMID: 36103403 PMCID: PMC9552240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
N-heterospirocycles are interesting
structural
units found in both natural products and medicinal compounds but have
relatively few reliable methods for their synthesis. Here, we enlist
the photocatalytic generation of N-centered radicals
to construct β-spirocyclic pyrrolidines from N-allylsulfonamides and alkenes. A variety of β-spirocyclic
pyrrolidines have been constructed, including drug derivatives, in
moderate to very good yields. Further derivatization of the products
has also been demonstrated as has a viable scale-up procedure, making
use of flow chemistry techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M. Griffiths
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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12
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Luo MJ, Xiao Q, Li JH. Electro-/photocatalytic alkene-derived radical cation chemistry: recent advances in synthetic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7206-7237. [PMID: 35880555 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkene-derived radical cations are versatile reactive intermediates and have been widely applied in the construction of complex functionalized molecules and cyclic systems for chemical synthesis. Therefore, the synthetic application of these alkene-derived radical cations represents a powerful and green tool that can be used to achieve the functionalization of alkenes partially because the necessity of stoichiometric external chemical oxidants and/or hazardous reaction conditions is eliminated. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthetic applications of the electro-/photochemical alkene-derived radical cations, emphasizing the key single-electron oxidation steps of the alkenes, the scope and limitations of the substrates, and the related reaction mechanisms. Using electrocatalysis and/or photocatalysis, single electron transfer (SET) oxidation of the CC bonds in the alkenes occurs, generating the alkene-derived radical cations, which sequentially enables the functionalization of translocated radical cations to occur in two ways: the first involves direct reaction with a nucleophile/radical or two molecules of nucleophiles to realize hydrofunctionalization, difunctionalization and cyclization; and the second involves the transformation of the alkene-derived radical cations into carbon-centered radicals using a base followed by radical coupling or oxidative nucleophilic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Jia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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13
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Domański M, Žurauskas J, Barham JP. Tunable Microwave Flow System for Scalable Synthesis of Alkyl Imidazolium-type Ionic Liquids. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Domański
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Jonas Žurauskas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, Regensburg 93040, Germany
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14
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Sender M, Huber FL, Moersch MCG, Kowalczyk D, Hniopek J, Klingler S, Schmitt M, Kaufhold S, Siewerth K, Popp J, Mizaikoff B, Ziegenbalg D, Rau S. Boosting Efficiency in Light-Driven Water Splitting by Dynamic Irradiation through Synchronizing Reaction and Transport Processes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200708. [PMID: 35415957 PMCID: PMC9322455 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work elaborates the effect of dynamic irradiation on light-driven molecular water oxidation to counteract deactivation. It highlights the importance of overall reaction engineering to overcome limiting factors in artificial photosynthesis reactions. Systematic investigation of a homogeneous three-component ruthenium-based water oxidation system revealed significant potential to enhance the overall catalytic efficiency by synchronizing the timescales of photoreaction and mass transport in a capillary flow reactor. The overall activity could be improved by a factor of more than 10 with respect to the turnover number and a factor of 31 referring to the external energy efficiency by controlling the local availability of photons. Detailed insights into the mechanism of light driven water oxidation could be obtained using complementary methods of investigation like Raman, IR, and UV/Vis/emission spectroscopy, unraveling the importance of avoiding high concentrations of excited photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Fabian L. Huber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Maximilian C. G. Moersch
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Department Spectroscopy & ImagingLeibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Sarah Klingler
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Simon Kaufhold
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Kevin Siewerth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Department Spectroscopy & ImagingLeibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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15
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Lockett-Walters B, Thuillier S, Baudouin E, Nay B. Total Synthesis of Phytotoxic Radulanin A Facilitated by the Photochemical Ring Expansion of a 2,2-Dimethylchromene in Flow. Org Lett 2022; 24:4029-4033. [PMID: 35652559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The radulanins are biologically active bibenzyl natural products featuring a synthetically challenging 2,5-dihydro-1-benzoxepine core. In contrast with previous reports exhibiting lengthy strategies, we demonstrate the shortest synthesis of radulanin A to date, featuring a largely unexplored photochemical ring expansion reaction of a 2,2-dimethylchromene precursor. This work was adapted to a continuous-flow setup for larger-scale preparation, in view of biological investigations into the herbicidal properties of this natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Lockett-Walters
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Simon Thuillier
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France.,Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Baudouin
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bastien Nay
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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16
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George MW, Abreu BL, Boufroura H, Moore JC, Poliakoff M. Telescoped Continuous Flow Synthesis of 2-Substituted 1,4-Benzoquinones via Oxidative Dearomatisation of para-Substituted Phenols Using Singlet Oxygen in Supercritical CO2. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper describes a continuous multi-step synthesis in supercritical CO2. A continuous flow synthesis of 2-substituted 1,4-benzoquinones is reported, and details of the high-pressure reactors are given. This proceeds via the telescoped dearomatisation of p-substituted phenols using singlet oxygen in supercritical CO2 and an acid-mediated C–C migration. The process has a short residence time of 30 minutes, with overall yields and projected productivities of up to 83% and 9 g/day, respectively. This methodology enables a safe and efficient synthesis of 2-substituted 1,4-benzoquinones from photo-generated singlet oxygen, and cheap and readily available p-substituted phenols. The procedure has high atom efficiency, low photocatalyst loading, and substitutes potentially hazardous and corrosive reagents and solvents for molecular oxygen, CO2, and the less hazardous solid-supported acid Amberlyst-15.
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17
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Sierra S, Gomez MV, Jiménez AI, Pop A, Silvestru C, Marín ML, Boscá F, Sastre G, Gómez-Bengoa E, Urriolabeitia EP. Stereoselective, Ruthenium-Photocatalyzed Synthesis of 1,2-Diaminotruxinic Bis-amino Acids from 4-Arylidene-5(4 H)-oxazolones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3529-3545. [PMID: 35143202 PMCID: PMC8902759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The irradiation of
(Z)-2-phenyl-4-aryliden-5(4H)-oxazolones 1 in deoxygenated CH2Cl2 at 25 °C
with blue light (465 nm) in
the presence of [Ru(bpy)3](BF4)2 (5%
mole ratio) as a triplet photocatalyst promotes
the [2+2] photocycloaddition of the C=C bonds of the 4-arylidene
moiety, thus allowing the completely regio- and stereoselective formation
of cyclobutane-bis(oxazolone)s 2 as single stereoisomers.
Cyclobutanes 2 have been unambiguously characterized
as the μ-isomers and contain two E-oxazolones
coupled in an anti-head-to-head form. The use of
continuous-flow techniques in microreactors allows the synthesis of
cyclobutanes 2 in only 60 min, compared with the 24–48
h required in batch mode. Ring opening of the oxazolone heterocycle
in 2 with a base affords the corresponding 1,2-diaminotruxinic
bis-amino esters 3, which are also obtained selectively
as μ-isomers. The ruthenium complex behaves as a triplet photocatalyst,
generating the reactive excited state of the oxazolone via an energy-transfer
process. This reactive excited state has been characterized as a triplet
diradical 3(E/Z)-1* by laser flash photolysis (transient absorption spectroscopy).
This technique also shows that this excited state is the same when
starting from either (Z)- or (E)-oxazolones.
Density functional theory calculations show that the first step of
the [2+2] cycloaddition between 3(E/Z)-1* and (Z)-1 is formation of
the C(H)–C(H) bond and that (Z) to (E) isomerization takes place at the 1,4-diradical thus formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sierra
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Victoria Gomez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana I Jiménez
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alexandra Pop
- Department of Chemistry, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre (SOOMCC), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Silvestru
- Department of Chemistry, Supramolecular Organic and Organometallic Chemistry Centre (SOOMCC), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Maria Luisa Marín
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Boscá
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Sastre
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (ITQ-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Apdo. 1072, CP-20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Esteban P Urriolabeitia
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea, ISQCH (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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Xu W, Pan Y, Chen L, Su Y, Shang M, Lu X, Lu Q. Continuous microflow synthesis of dimethyl-substituted cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydrides and its application on polyimide films. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Sun W, Kayal S, Raimbach WAT, Sun XZ, Light ME, Hanson-Heine MWD, George MW, Harrowven DC. Wavelength dependent photoextrusion and tandem photo-extrusion reactions of ninhydrin bis-acetals for the synthesis of 8-ring lactones, benzocyclobutenes and orthoanhydrides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1546-1549. [PMID: 35014645 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06800h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ninhydrin bis-acetals give access to 8-ring lactones, benzocyclo-butenes and spirocyclic orthoanhydrides through photoextrusion and tandem photoextrusion reactions. Syntheses of fimbricalyxlactone B, isoshihunine and numerous biologically-relevant heterocycles show the value of the methods, while TA-spectroscopy and TD-DFT studies provide mechanistic insights on their wavelength dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Surajit Kayal
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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20
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de Oliveira GX, Lira JODB, Riella HG, Soares C, Padoin N. Modeling and Simulation of Reaction Environment in Photoredox Catalysis: A Critical Review. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.788653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From the pharmaceutical industry’s point of view, photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of the synthesis of added-value compounds. With this method, it is possible to excite the catalyst by the action of light, allowing electron transfer processes to occur and, consequently, oxidation and reduction reactions. Thus, in association with photoredox catalysis, microreactor technology and continuous flow chemistry also play an important role in the development of organic synthesis processes, as this technology offers high yields, high selectivity and reduced side reactions. However, there is a lack of a more detailed understanding of the photoredox catalysis process, and computational tools based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to deal with this and boost to reach higher levels of accuracy to continue innovating in this area. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of photoredox catalysis is provided, including the application of this technology for the synthesis of added-value chemicals in microreactors. Moreover, the advantages of the continuous flow system in comparison with batch systems are pointed out. It was also demonstrated how modeling and simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be critical for the design and optimization of microreactors applied to photoredox catalysis, so as to better understand the reagent interactions and the influence of light in the reaction medium. Finally, a discussion about the future prospects of photoredox reactions considering the complexity of the process is presented.
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21
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Frogley BJ, Hill AF, Onagi H, Watson LJ. Organometallic flow chemistry: solvento complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:17354-17360. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02583c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In-flow photochemical methods allow the convenient synthesis ‘on-demand’ of ubiquitous tetrahydrofuran organometallic solvento complexes, e.g., [M(THF)(CO)5] (M = Cr, Mo, W) and [M(THF)(CO)2(η-L)] (M = Mn, Re; L = C5H5, C5H4Me, C5Me5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Frogley
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anthony F. Hill
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hideki Onagi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lachlan J. Watson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, ACT 2601, Australia
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22
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Roider T, Frommknecht N, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. Device for automated screening of irradiation wavelength and intensity – investigation of the wavelength dependence of photoreactions with an arylazo sulfone in continuous flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00142j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A system allowing the automatic change of LED arrays (normalized to the number of emitted photons) is presented to study photochemical reactions in continuous flow for their wavelength dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roider
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frommknecht
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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23
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Enantioselective synthesis of heterocyclic compounds using photochemical reactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1657-1674. [PMID: 34822126 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Different methods for the direct enantioselective photochemical synthesis of heterocycles are presented. Currently, asymmetric catalysis with templates involving hydrogen bonds or metal complexes is intensively investigated. Enzyme catalysis can be simplified under photochemical conditions. For example, in multi enzyme systems, one or more enzyme catalytic steps can be replaced by simple photochemical reactions. Chiral induction in photochemical reactions performed with homochiral crystals is highly efficient. Such reactions can also be carried out with crystalline inclusion complexes. Inclusion of a photochemical substrate and an enantiopure compound in zeolites also leads to enantioselective compounds. In all these methods, the conformational mobility of the photochemical substrates is reduced or controlled. Memory of chirality is a particular case in which a chiral information is temporally lost but the rigid conformations stabilize the molecular structure which leads to the formation of enantiopure compounds. Such studies allows a profound understanding on how particular conformations determine the configuration of the final products.Graphical abstract.
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24
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Oddy MJ, Kusza DA, Petersen WF. Visible-Light Mediated Metal-Free 6π-Photocyclization of N-Acrylamides: Thioxanthone Triplet Energy Transfer Enables the Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2-ones. Org Lett 2021; 23:8963-8967. [PMID: 34756046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient thioxanthone-catalyzed triplet energy transfer process for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-ones via a 6π-photocyclization is reported. Featuring a rare example of a metal-free formal C(sp2)-H/C(sp3)-H arylation mediated by visible-light, this work hopes to inspire further interest in these small molecules as sustainable alternatives to existing transition-metal photocatalysts in related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J Oddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Daniel A Kusza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Wade F Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
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25
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Griffiths OM, Esteves HA, Chen Y, Sowa K, May OS, Morse P, Blakemore DC, Ley SV. Photoredox-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Csp 3-Csp 2 Cross-Coupling of Alkylarenes to Aldehydes in Flow. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13559-13571. [PMID: 34524825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Executing photoredox reactions in flow offers solutions to frequently encountered issues regarding reproducibility, reaction time, and scale-up. Here, we report the transfer of a photoredox-catalyzed benzylic coupling of alkylarenes to aldehydes to a flow chemistry setting leading to improvements in terms of higher concentration, shorter residence times, better yields, ease of catalyst preparation, and enhanced substrate scope. Its applicability has been demonstrated by a multi-gram-scale reaction using high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs), late-stage functionalization of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and also a photocatalyst recycling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Griffiths
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Henrique A Esteves
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Yiding Chen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Karin Sowa
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver S May
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Peter Morse
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David C Blakemore
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven V Ley
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
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26
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Candish L, Collins KD, Cook GC, Douglas JJ, Gómez-Suárez A, Jolit A, Keess S. Photocatalysis in the Life Science Industry. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2907-2980. [PMID: 34558888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, chemists in the life science industry require access to mild and robust synthetic methodologies to systematically modify chemical structures, explore novel chemical space, and enable efficient synthesis. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful technology for the synthesis of complex and often highly functionalized molecules. This Review aims to summarize the published contributions to the field from the life science industry, including research from industrial-academic partnerships. An overview of the synthetic methodologies developed and strategic applications in chemical synthesis, including peptide functionalization, isotope labeling, and both DNA-encoded and traditional library synthesis, is provided, along with a summary of the state-of-the-art in photoreactor technology and the effective upscaling of photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Candish
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl D Collins
- Bayer Foundation, Public Affairs, Science and Sustainability, Bayer AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anais Jolit
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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27
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Zhong M, Pannecoucke X, Jubault P, Poisson T. Copper-Photocatalyzed Hydrosilylation of Alkynes and Alkenes under Continuous Flow. Chemistry 2021; 27:11818-11822. [PMID: 34075660 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the photocatalytic hydrosilylation of alkynes and alkenes under continuous flow conditions is described. By using 0.2 mol % of the developed [Cu(dmp)(XantphosTEPD)]PF6 under blue LEDs irradiation, a large panel of alkenes and alkynes was hydrosilylated in good to excellent yields with a large functional group tolerance. The mechanism of the reaction was studied, and a plausible scenario was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbing Zhong
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- Normandie Univ., INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000, Rouen, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231, Paris, France
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28
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Lan Z, Lu Y. Photoiodization of toluene in a microflow platform. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Parameter assessment for scale-up of co- and counter-current photochemical reactors using non-collimated LEDs. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Abstract
AbstractDynamic irradiation is a potent option to influence the interaction between photochemical reactions and mass transport to design high performant and efficient photochemical processes. To systematically investigate the impact of this parameter, the photocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene was conducted as a test reaction. Dynamic irradiation was realized through provoked secondary flow patterns, multiple spatially distributed light emitting diodes (LEDs) and electrical pulsation of LEDs. A combined experimental and theoretical approach revealed significant potential to enhance photochemical processes. The reaction rate was accelerated by more than 70% and even more important the photonic efficiency was increased by more than a factor of 4. This renders imposed dynamic irradiation an innovative and powerful tool to intensify photoreactions on the avenue to large scale sustainable photochemical processes.
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31
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Collin DE, Kovacic K, Light ME, Linclau B. Synthesis of Ortho-Functionalized 1,4-Cubanedicarboxylate Derivatives through Photochemical Chlorocarbonylation. Org Lett 2021; 23:5164-5169. [PMID: 34133174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cubane ring has received intense attention as a 3D benzene isostere and scaffold. Mono- and 1,4-disubstituted cubanes are well-described. Here we report a practical procedure for a direct radical-mediated chlorocarbonylation process initially reported by Bashir-Hashemi, to access a range of 2-substituted 1,4-cubanedicarboxylic ester derivatives. A subsequent regioselective ester hydrolysis to give fully differentiated 1,2,4-trisubstituted cubanes is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Collin
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Kovacic
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Light
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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32
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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33
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Manning MA, Sun W, Light ME, Harrowven DC. A photochemical ring expansion of 6- to 8-membered nitrogen heterocycles by [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4556-4559. [PMID: 33956001 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00393c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new route to azocines and benzoazocines from furopyridinones is described through a photochemically induced [1,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. The method gives access to these 8-membered nitrogen heterocycles from dimethyl squarate in four stages and with excellent atom economy by sequencing thermal and photochemical ring expansion steps under continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A Manning
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Wei Sun
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark E Light
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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34
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Gao B, Yao F, Zhang Z, Ding H. Total Synthesis of (+)-Alsmaphorazine C and Formal Synthesis of (+)-Strictamine: A Photo-Fries Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10603-10607. [PMID: 33660898 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A bioinspired photo-Fries/imine capture cascade reaction was developed in continuous-flow mode, which facilitated the rapid construction of a series of diversely functionalized 2,7-heterocycle-fused tetrahydrocarbazoles, the ubiquitous core structures embedded in strychnos and akuammiline-type monoterpene indole alkaloids. The synthetic utility of this novel method has been preliminarily explored by the first total synthesis of (+)-alsmaphorazine C and formal synthesis of (+)-strictamine in a concise and efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiling Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fengjie Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhaodong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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35
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Gao B, Yao F, Zhang Z, Ding H. Total Synthesis of (+)‐Alsmaphorazine C and Formal Synthesis of (+)‐Strictamine: A Photo‐Fries Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beiling Gao
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Fengjie Yao
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Zhaodong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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36
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Priebbenow DL, Pilkington RL, Hearn KN, Polyzos A. Fluorinated Ketones as Trapping Reagents for Visible-Light-Induced Singlet Nucleophilic Carbenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:2783-2789. [PMID: 33733797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singlet nucleophilic carbenes (SNCs) containing only one heteroatom donor remain underutilized in chemical synthesis. We recently discovered that visible-light-induced SNC intermediates can be trapped by fluorinated ketones via 1,2-carbonyl addition to afford benzoin-type products. This discovery represents a rare example of nucleophilic carbenes reacting with ketones and delivers an efficient, user-friendly, and scalable process for accessing fluorinated tertiary alcohol derivatives driven only by light circumventing the use of exogenous catalysts or additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Priebbenow
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowan L Pilkington
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyle N Hearn
- STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.,CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Ross A, Muñoz M, Rotstein BH, Suuronen EJ, Alarcon EI. A low cost and open access system for rapid synthesis of large volumes of gold and silver nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5420. [PMID: 33686164 PMCID: PMC7940392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid synthesis of nanomaterials in scalable quantities is critical for accelerating the discovery and commercial translation of nanoscale-based technologies. The synthesis of metal nanogold and silver in volumes larger than 100 mL is not automatized and might require of the use of harsh conditions that in most cases is detrimental for the production of nanoparticles with reproducible size distributions. In this work, we present the development and optimization of an open-access low-cost NanoParticle Flow Synthesis System (NPFloSS) that allows for the rapid preparation of volumes of up to 1 L of gold and silver nanoparticle aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ross
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada.,Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Marcelo Muñoz
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada.,Molecular Imaging Probes and Radiochemistry Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Erik J Suuronen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Emilio I Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada. .,Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada.
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38
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Grollier K, De Zordo‐Banliat A, Bourdreux F, Pegot B, Dagousset G, Magnier E, Billard T. (Trifluoromethylselenyl)methylchalcogenyl as Emerging Fluorinated Groups: Synthesis under Photoredox Catalysis and Determination of the Lipophilicity. Chemistry 2021; 27:6028-6033. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Grollier
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS, UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE INSA 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Arnaud De Zordo‐Banliat
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR CNRS 8180) Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS 78035 Versailles France
| | - Flavien Bourdreux
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR CNRS 8180) Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS 78035 Versailles France
| | - Bruce Pegot
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR CNRS 8180) Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS 78035 Versailles France
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR CNRS 8180) Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS 78035 Versailles France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles UMR CNRS 8180) Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS 78035 Versailles France
| | - Thierry Billard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS, UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE INSA 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
- CERMEP-In vivo imaging 59 Bd Pinel 69677 Lyon France
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39
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Galant O, Donmez HB, Barner‐Kowollik C, Diesendruck CE. Flow Photochemistry for Single‐Chain Polymer Nanoparticle Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Or Galant
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and The Interdepartmental Program in Polymer Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Hasan Barca Donmez
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and The Interdepartmental Program in Polymer Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science School of Chemistry and Physics Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and The Interdepartmental Program in Polymer Engineering Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
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40
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Sender M, Ziegenbalg D. Radiometric measurement techniques for in-depth characterization of photoreactors – part 2: 3 dimensional and integral radiometry. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00457j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development and potentials of a three-dimensionally resolving radiometric scanning method, complemented by integrating sphere measurements are presented for the evaluation of the radiation field of photoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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41
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Niu W, Zheng Y, Li Y, Du L, Liu W. Photochemical microfluidic synthesis of vitamin D3 by improved light sources with photoluminescent substrates. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Waterford M, Saubern S, Hornung CH. Evaluation of a Continuous-Flow Photo-Bromination Using N-Bromosuccinimide for Use in Chemical Manufacture. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A continuous-flow photo-bromination reaction on benzyl and phenyl groups was conducted using N-bromosuccinimide as the bromine source inside a preparatory-scale glass plate reactor. This flow reactor system was capable of independently controlling light intensity, wavelength, and reaction temperature, hence exerting an exceptional level of control over the reaction. A short optimisation study for the synthesis of 2-bromomethyl-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylboronic acid pinacol ester resulted in best conditions of 20°C and 10min residence time using an LED (light-emitting diode) array at 405nm and acetonitrile as the solvent. The present study evaluates the potential for this easy-to-handle bromination system to be scaled up for chemical manufacture inside a continuous-flow glass plate reactor. The combination with an in-line continuous flow liquid–liquid extraction and separation system, using a membrane separator, demonstrates the potential for continuous flow reaction with purification in an integrated multi-stage operation with minimal manual handling in between.
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43
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Rastelli EJ, Yue D, Millard C, Wipf P. 3D-printed cartridge system for in-flow photo-oxygenation of 7-aminothienopyridinones. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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44
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Shahbazali E, Billaud EMF, Fard AS, Meuldijk J, Bormans G, Noel T, Hessel V. Photo isomerization of cis-cyclooctene to trans-cyclooctene: Integration of a micro-flow reactor and separation by specific adsorption. AIChE J 2021; 67:e17067. [PMID: 33380744 PMCID: PMC7757390 DOI: 10.1002/aic.17067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase adsorption has hardly been established in micro-flow, although this constitutes an industrially vital method for product separation. A micro-flow UV-photo isomerization process converts cis-cyclooctene partly into trans-cyclooctene, leaving an isomeric mixture. Trans-cyclooctene adsorption and thus separation was achieved in a fixed-bed micro-flow reactor, packed with AgNO3/SiO2 powder, while the cis-isomer stays in the flow. The closed-loop recycling-flow has been presented as systemic approach to enrich the trans-cyclooctene from its cis-isomer. In-flow adsorption in recycling-mode has hardly been reported so that a full theoretical study has been conducted. This insight is used to evaluate three process design options to reach an optimum yield of trans-cyclooctene. These differ firstly in the variation of the individual residence times in the reactor and separator, the additional process option of refreshing the adsorption column under use, and the periodicity of the recycle flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Shahbazali
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process TechnologyEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Emilie M. F. Billaud
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Arash Sarhangi Fard
- Materials Technology InstituteEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Meuldijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process TechnologyEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological SciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Timothy Noel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process TechnologyEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process TechnologyEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
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45
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Sender M, Wriedt B, Ziegenbalg D. Radiometric measurement techniques for in-depth characterization of photoreactors – part 1: 2 dimensional radiometry. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A spatially resolving radiometric scanning method for the evaluation of the radiation field of photoreactors is presented, allowing for a knowledge driven development of highly efficient photoreactors and scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wriedt
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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46
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Steiner A, de Frutos O, Rincón JA, Mateos C, Williams JD, Kappe CO. N-Chloroamines as substrates for metal-free photochemical atom-transfer radical addition reactions in continuous flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical ATRA reactions of N-chloroamines represent an efficient and green method of alkene functionalization. N-Chloroamine generation, purification and reaction in flow enables an efficient process, with a variety of irradiation wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Steiner
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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47
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Abstract
Photochemical transformations of molecular building blocks have become an important and widely recognized research field in the past decade. Detailed and deep understanding of novel photochemical catalysts and reaction concepts with visible light as the energy source has enabled a broad application portfolio for synthetic organic chemistry. In parallel, continuous-flow chemistry and microreaction technology have become the basis for thinking and doing chemistry in a novel fashion with clear focus on improved process control for higher conversion and selectivity. As can be seen by the large number of scientific publications on flow photochemistry in the recent past, both research topics have found each other as exceptionally well-suited counterparts with high synergy by combining chemistry and technology. This review will give an overview on selected reaction classes, which represent important photochemical transformations in synthetic organic chemistry, and which benefit from mild and defined process conditions by the transfer from batch to continuous-flow mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology/Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
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48
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Yuan F, Yan D, Gao P, Shi D, Xiao W, Chen J. Photoredox‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Cyclization of 2‐Vinyl Phenols,
N
‐Alkoxypyridinium Salts, and Sulfur Ylides for Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofurans. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yuan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Dong‐Mei Yan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Pan‐Pan Gao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - De‐Qing Shi
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Central China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
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49
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Mata A, Tran DN, Weigl U, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous flow synthesis of arylhydrazines via nickel/photoredox coupling of tert-butyl carbazate with aryl halides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14621-14624. [PMID: 33151210 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06787c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nickel/photoredox catalyzed C-N couplings of hydrazine-derived nucleophiles provide a powerful alternative to Pd-catalyzed methods. This continuous-flow photochemical protocol, optimized using design of experiments, achieves these couplings in short residence times, with high selectivity. A range of (hetero)aryl bromides and chlorides are compatible and understanding of process stability/reactor fouling has been discerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Mata
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Duc N Tran
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Weigl
- Cilag AG, Hochstrasse 201, 8200 Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Jason D Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria. and Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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50
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Galant O, Donmez HB, Barner-Kowollik C, Diesendruck CE. Flow Photochemistry for Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticle Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2042-2046. [PMID: 33044775 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Single chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNP) are an attractive polymer architecture that provides functions seen in folded biomacromolecules. The generation of SCNPs, however, is limited by the requirement of a high dilution chemical step, necessitating the use of large reactors to produce processable quantities of material. Herein, the chemical folding of macromolecules into SCNPs is achieved in both batch and flow photochemical processes by the previously described photodimerization of anthracene units in polymethylmethacrylate (100 kDa) under UV irradiation at 366 nm. When employing flow chemistry, the irradiation time is readily controlled by tuning the flow rates, allowing for the precise control over the intramolecular collapse process. The flow system provides a route at least four times more efficient for SCNP formation, reaching higher intramolecular cross-linking ratios five times faster than batch operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Galant
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and The Interdepartmental Program in Polymer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Hasan Barca Donmez
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and The Interdepartmental Program in Polymer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and The Interdepartmental Program in Polymer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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