Intervenções não farmacológicas na melhoria da qualidade de vida de crianças/adolescentes oncológicos

A musicoterapia em oncologia: percepções de crianças e adolescentes em cuidados paliativos

Resumo Objetivo analisar as percepções de crianças e adolescentes com câncer em cuidados paliativos sobre a musicoterapia. Método pesquisa de campo, com abordagem qualitativa, realizada com sete crianças e adolescentes hospitalizadas. A técnica de desenho-estória foi realizada inicialmente a partir do desenho sobre os sentimentos diante da hospitalização e a estória do desenho. Em seguida, houve a interação musical, desenho sobre o significado da música diante do processo de hospitalização, e a estória do desenho. Para análise, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados antes da musicoterapia, crianças e adolescentes expressaram sentimentos de tristeza, medo e saudade relacionados ao rompimento do vínculo familiar durante o processo de hospitalização. Após receberem a musicoterapia, elas expressaram as sensações de prazer e bem-estar que essa vivência pode proporcionar, permitindo-lhes a expressão dos sentimentos mais profundos. Conclusão a musicoterapia pode beneficiar a criança e o adolescente com câncer uma vez que permite a expressão de sentimentos, possibilita o resgate de lembranças e proporciona esperança diante da situação vivenciada, além do alívio da dor. Implicações para a prática a musicoterapia contribui no processo paliativista, podendo conferir uma melhor qualidade de vida às crianças e adolescentes com câncer.

Effectiveness of hospital clowns for symptom management in paediatrics: systematic review of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate evidence from randomised controlled trials and non-randomised controlled trials on the effectiveness of hospital clowns for a range of symptom clusters in children and adolescents admitted to hospital with acute and chronic conditions.

DESIGN

Systematic review of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials.

DATA SOURCES

Medline, ISI of Knowledge, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Science Direct, Scopus, American Psychological Association PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature.

STUDY SELECTION

Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials were peer reviewed using the following eligibility criteria: children and adolescents who were admitted to hospital for acute conditions or chronic disorders, studies comparing use of hospital clowns with standard care, and studies evaluating the effect of hospital clowns on symptom management of inpatient children and adolescents as a primary outcome.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Two investigators independently screened studies, extracted data, and appraised the risk of bias. Methodological appraisal was assessed by two investigators independently using the Jadad scale, the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised controlled trials (RoB 2), and the risk of bias in non-randomised studies (ROBINS-I) tool for non-randomised controlled trials.

RESULTS

24 studies (n=1612) met the inclusion criteria for data extraction and analysis. Most studies were randomised controlled trials (n=13). Anxiety was the most frequently analysed symptom (n=13), followed by pain (n=9), psychological and emotional responses and perceived wellbeing (n=4), stress (n=4), cancer related fatigue (n=3), and crying (n=2). Five studies used biomarkers, mainly cortisol, to assess stress or fatigue outcome following hospital clowns. Most of the randomised controlled trials (n=11; 85%) were rated as showing some concerns, and two trials were rated with a high risk of bias. Most non-randomised controlled trials (n=6; 55%) were rated with a moderate risk of bias according to ROBINS-I tool. Studies showed that children and adolescents who were in the presence of hospital clowns, either with or without a parent present, reported significantly less anxiety during a range of medical procedures, as well as improved psychological adjustment (P<0.05). Three studies that evaluated chronic conditions showed favourable results for the intervention of hospital clowns with significant reduction in stress, fatigue, pain, and distress (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that the presence of hospital clowns during medical procedures, induction of anaesthesia in the preoperative room, and as part of routine care for chronic conditions might be a beneficial strategy to manage some symptom clusters. Furthermore, hospital clowns might help improve psychological wellbeing in admitted children and adolescents with acute and chronic disorders, compared with those who received only standard care.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42018107099.