[Preliminary results of metabolite in serum and urine of lung cancer patients detected by metabolomics]

[Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy in the Diagnosis of Early Lung Cancer]

Lung cancer (LC) is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The 5-year survival rate for LC remains low at 18% and is 5% for patients with metastatic disease, while the 5-year overall survival rate of patients with stage I NSCLC can reach 77.9%, hence early diagnosis and treatment of LC is the key to improve the prognosis. As a non-invasive detection technique, Raman spectroscopy can realize the non-destructive detection of the differences in molecular level structure between cancerous tissues and normal tissues, which can be used for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. The aim of this review is to summarize the progress of Raman spectroscopycombined with different tissue or body fluid samplesin the diagnosis of early LC.
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Plasma metabolite profiling and chemometric analyses of lung cancer along with three controls through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Lung cancer has been the most common death causing cancer in the world for several decades. This study is focused on the metabolite profiling of plasma from lung cancer (LC) patients with three control groups including healthy non-smoker (NS), smokers (S) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (COPD) samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to identify the comparative and distinguishing metabolite pattern for lung cancer. Metabolites obtained were identified through National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mass spectral (Wiley registry) and Fiehn Retention Time Lock (RTL) libraries. Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) Software was used for the alignment and for all the statistical analysis. 32 out of 1,877 aligned metabolites were significantly distinguished among three controls and lung cancer using p-value ≤ 0.001. Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) model was generated using statistically significant metabolites which on external validation provide high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (78.6%). Elevated level of fatty acids, glucose and acids were observed in lung cancer in comparison with control groups apparently due to enhanced glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis and acidosis, indicating the metabolic signature for lung cancer.

Metabolomic profiling of human serum in lung cancer patients using liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

PURPOSE

Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of death from cancer. Serum markers that enable diagnosis of the disease in the early stage have not been found.

METHODS

Serum samples were collected from 30 healthy volunteers and from 30 lung cancer patients preoperatively and postoperatively. Samples were subjected to metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in metabolomic profiles among the three groups were characterized by multivariate statistical techniques such as principal components analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). An independent t test was used to determine whether levels of biomarker candidates identified using PLS-DA modeling were significantly different among groups at the univariate analysis level (p < 0.05).

RESULTS

Based on pattern recognition results and univariate analysis, we showed that levels of ten potential biomarkers in serum were significantly different in the preoperative lung cancer patients compared with healthy volunteers and/or the postoperative lung cancer patients. The levels of sphingosine, phosphorylcholine, glycerophospho-N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine, γ-linolenic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, oleic acid, and serine were significantly different in preoperative lung cancer patients compared to healthy volunteers and to postoperative lung cancer patients. For prasterone sulfate, α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyric acid, the levels were statistically different in preoperative and postoperative lung cancer patients compared with the healthy volunteers.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study identified potential metabolic biomarkers for diagnosis of lung cancer.