[Perioperative Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophalaxis in Thoracic Cancer Patients: Chinese Experts Consensus]

Incidence of venous thromboembolism after surgery for adenocarcinoma in situ and the validity of the modified Caprini score: A propensity score-matched study

Background

Recently, the new World Health Organization (WHO) tumor classification removed adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) from the diagnosis of lung cancer. However, it remains unclear whether the “malignancy” item should be assessed when the modified Caprini Risk Assessment Model (RAM) is used to assess venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk in AIS. The purpose of our study is to assess differences between AIS and stage IA adenocarcinoma (AD) from a VTE perspective.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed on AIS and IA adenocarcinoma in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2021, and divided into AIS group and AD group. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to compare the incidence of VTE and coagulation function, and to analyze whether the RAM is more effective when the “malignancy” item is not evaluated in AIS.

Results

491 patients were included after screening, including 104 patients in the AIS group and 387 patients in the AD group. After PSM, 83 patients were matched. The incidence of VTE and D-dimer in the AIS group was significantly lower than that in the AD group (P<0.05).When using the RAM to score AIS, compared with retaining the “malignancy” item, the incidence of VTE in the intermediate-high-risk group was significantly higher after removing the item (7.9% vs. 36.4%, P=0.018), which significantly improved the stratification effect of the model.

Conclusions

The incidence of postoperative VTE in AIS was significantly lower than that in stage IA adenocarcinoma. The stratification effect was more favorable when the “malignancy” item was not evaluated in AIS using the RAM.

[Analysis of Influencing Factors for Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism of Thymic Malignancies]

背景与目的

胸外科术后静脉血栓栓塞症（venous thromboembolism, VTE）的发生率高，本研究旨在分析胸腺恶性肿瘤术后VTE的发生率及相关危险因素。

方法

本研究为单中心研究。收集2017年12月-2021年2月在首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院胸外科接受胸腺恶性肿瘤切除手术治疗的患者资料。除术前常规检查以外，所有患者于手术前后行下肢多普勒超声以明确有无下肢深静脉血栓（deep venous thrombosis, DVT）。患者术前术后均未接受任何形式抗凝治疗。全部患者接受改良Caprini风险评估。根据术后是否发生VTE将患者分为VTE组和对照组，比较两组间的临床资料，统计术后VTE的发生时间、可能的高危因素等。

结果

共纳入169例接受胸腺恶性肿瘤切除手术的患者，男性94例，女性75例，年龄范围：22岁-76岁。本研究共95例患者选择胸腔镜手术，74例选择正中劈胸骨手术。全组共21例发生VTE，VTE的总发生率为12.4%。诊断VTE的中位时间为术后4 d（2 d-15 d）。根据改良Caprini评分分组，低危组（≤4分)发生率为0%（0/7），中危组（5分-8分）为7.0%（8/115），高危组（≥9分）为27.7%（13/47）（Z=1.670, P=0.008）。单因素分析结果显示VTE组年龄、手术方式、手术时间、留置中心静脉导管、术后卧床时间超过72 h均与对照组有显著差异（P < 0.05）。多因素分析结果显示年龄≥60岁、手术方式、手术时长是胸腺恶性肿瘤术后发生VTE的独立危险因素。

结论

年龄≥60岁、手术方式、手术时长是胸腺恶性肿瘤患者术后发生VTE的独立危险因素，改良Caprini评分可有效筛选高危患者。

[Perioperative Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis in Thoracic Cancer Patients: Chinese Experts Consensus - Interpretation of Clinical Significance of D-dimer]

胸部恶性肿瘤患者围术期发生静脉血栓栓塞症（venous thromboembolism, VTE）风险较高，VTE的发生将影响患者的预后、远期生活质量，严重者甚至致死。为了加强胸外科医生对胸部恶性肿瘤患者围术期VTE的了解和重视，中国胸外科静脉血栓栓塞症研究协作组发布了《胸部恶性肿瘤围术期静脉血栓栓塞症预防中国专家共识（2018版）》。本文针对共识中D-二聚体在VTE中的诊断价值及风险预测价值进行详细解读，并对其他生物标记物在肿瘤患者VTE的作用做简要拓展，以加深胸外科医生对D-二聚体在VTE中临床意义的理解。

[Perioperative Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis in Thoracic Cancer Patients: Chinese Experts Consensus - Interpretation of Screening of High-risk Patients]

静脉血栓栓塞症（venous thromboembolism, VTE）是胸部恶性肿瘤患者围术期较常见的一种并发症，一旦发生，不但影响患者预后，还将占用大量医疗资源，这正逐步引起我们的广泛重视。然而，我国胸外科对于VTE的认识起步较晚，认知度和重视度亦不够，且目前尚缺少针对围术期VTE预防的指南支持。基于目前我国胸外科对于VTE的认识及预防措施现状，中国胸外科静脉血栓栓塞研究协作组发布了国际首部《胸部恶性肿瘤围术期静脉血栓栓塞症预防中国专家共识（2018版）》。本文将对其中胸部恶性肿瘤患者围术期VTE的高危患者筛查进行解读，以便于更好地理解共识相关内容。

A nurse-driven enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) nursing program for geriatric patients following lung surgery

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is a multiprofessional, multidisciplinary and evidence-based program that aims to reduce complications, improve overall prognosis, shorten hospital stays, and promote fast recovery following major surgery. Nurses play a crucial role in the successful implementation of the ERAS program. Therefore, this research focuses on the trajectory optimized and acquired by nurses in the enhanced recovery of elderly patients undergoing radical surgery for lung cancer. This study concludes that the implementation of the proposed ERAS preoperative point-of-care trajectory is highly beneficial for improved outcomes and enhanced recovery of geriatric patients following lung surgery.

[Retrospective Analysis of Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism in 283 Patients with Lung Cancer during Systemic Therapy]

背景与目的

肺癌患者是静脉血栓栓塞症（venous thrombo-embolism, VTE）的高危人群，合并VTE者具有较高的死亡率。本研究旨在明确接受系统性治疗肺癌患者的VTE发生情况及影响因素。

方法

回顾性分析2016年1月-2018年12月在北京大学第三医院肿瘤化疗与放射病科接受系统性治疗的283例肺癌患者，卡方检验分析VTE与临床特征间的关系，多因素回归分析影响VTE的高危因素。

结果

283例肺癌患者中，VTE发生率为12.01%（34/283）。有下肢静脉曲张组的VTE发生率为50.00%（5/10），显著高于无下肢静脉曲张组的9.89%（27/273）（P=0.001）。远处转移患者的VTE发生率为14.05%（26/185），高于带瘤但无远处转移患者的14.00%（7/50），且高于无瘤患者的2.08%（1/48）（P=0.024）。肿瘤活动组的VTE发生率为16.93%（21/124），显著高于稳定组的8.18%（3/159)（P=0.025）。首次药物治疗前白蛋白 < 35g/L组VTE发生率为22.00%（11/50），显著高于≥35 g/L组的9.87%（23/233）（P=0.017）；D-二聚体 > 0.3 μg/mL组VTE发生率为17.93%（26/145），显著高于≤0.3 μg/mL组的5.80%（8/138）（P=0.006）。接受PICC的患者上肢静脉血栓的发生率为9.71%（17/175），显著高于未行PICC组的1.85%（2/108）（P=0.010）。肺癌病理类型、白细胞、血红蛋白、血小板计数及是否接受抗血管生成药物治疗等因素与VTE的发生率无关。多因素分析显示下肢静脉曲张、低白蛋白血症、D-二聚体升高是VTE的独立影响因素。

结论

有无下肢静脉曲张、血白蛋白和D-二聚体水平或许是预测肺癌患者系统性治疗期间发生VTE更为有效的因子，可进一步建立新的预测模型并进行前瞻性验证。

[Perioperative Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis in Thoracic Cancer Patients: Chinese Experts Consensus - Interpretation of Application Prospect of Direct Oral Anticoagulant]

胸部恶性肿瘤患者围术期静脉血栓栓塞症（venous thromboembolism, VTE）是一种需要引起重视的胸外科围术期并发症，中国胸外科静脉血栓栓塞研究协作组针对胸部恶性肿瘤患者围术期VTE的预防，发布了国际首部《胸部恶性肿瘤围术期静脉血栓栓塞症预防中国专家共识》（2018版）。本文将对直接口服抗凝药在胸部恶性肿瘤患者围术期的应用进行解读，以助于更好地理解共识相关内容。

[Perioperative Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis in Thoracic Cancer Patients: Chinese Experts Consensus - Interpretation of Perioperative Hypercoagulable State]

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common perioperative complication of lung cancer and a major cause of unexpected death in hospital. The clinical risk factors of VTE include: patients' factors (advanced age, obesity, etc.), tumor-related factors (classification, staging, etc.), treatment-related factors (chemotherapy, surgery, etc.). In addition, tumor cells express cancer procoagulant (CP), tissue factor (TF), inflammatory factors or activate platelets, inflammatory cells and other related cells, directly or indirectly activate the coagulation process, and cause blood hypercoagulable state, thus promote the occurrence of VTE. At the same time, the relevant biomarkers can also reflect the perioperative coagulation status of patients, which is helpful to more accurately identify high-risk subgroups to establish more accurate and targeted anticoagulation strategies to prevent thrombosis in lung cancer patients.

[Perioperative Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis in Thoracic Cancer Patients: Chinese Experts Consensus - Interpretation of Epidemiological Characteristics]

胸部恶性肿瘤患者围术期静脉血栓栓塞症（venous thromboembolism, VTE）是一种需要引起重视的胸外科围术期并发症，中国胸外科静脉血栓栓塞研究协作组针对胸部恶性肿瘤患者围术期VTE的预防，发布了国际首部《胸部恶性肿瘤围术期静脉血栓栓塞症预防中国专家共识》（2018版）。本文将对其中胸部恶性肿瘤围术期VTE的流行病学特征、国内外面临的挑战及预防现状进行解读，以助于更好地理解共识相关内容。