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Ma LR, Li JX, Tang L, Li RZ, Yang JS, Sun A, Leung ELH, Yan PY. Immune checkpoints and immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: Novel study progression, challenges and solutions. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:787. [PMID: 34594428 PMCID: PMC8456509 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer with the highest mortality rate worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~85% of the total number of lung cancer cases. In the past two decades, immunotherapy has become a more promising treatment method than traditional treatments (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Immunotherapy has been shown to improve the survival rate of patients and to have a superior effect when controlling lung cancer than traditional therapy. However, only a small number of patients can benefit from immunotherapy, and not all patients who qualify experience long-term benefits. In the clinic, the objective response rate of programmed cell death protein 1 treatment without the prior screening of patients is only 15-20%. Immunotherapy is associated with both opportunities and challenges for patients with NSCLC. The current challenges of immunotherapy include the lack of accurate biomarkers, inevitable resistance and insufficient understanding of immune checkpoints. In previous years, several methods for overcoming the challenges posed by immunotherapy have been proposed, but combination therapy is the most suitable choice. A large number of studies have shown that the combination of drugs can significantly improve their efficacy, compared with monotherapy, and that some therapeutic combinations have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of NSCLC. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a traditional medical practice in China that can play an important role in immunotherapy. Most agents used in TCM originate from plants, and have the advantages of low toxicity and multiple targets. In addition, TCM includes a unique class of drugs that can improve autoimmunity. Therefore, TCM may be a promising treatment method for all types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Rui Ma
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Ling Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Preparation Technology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Run-Ze Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Shun Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Ao Sun
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, P.R. China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, P.R. China.,Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai 519000, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Yu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, P.R. China
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Bai Y, Deng S. A six-long noncoding RNA model predicts prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:7505-7518. [PMID: 35117351 PMCID: PMC8799207 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The incidence and mortality of lung cancer rank first among various malignant tumors. The lack of clear molecular classification and effective individualized treatment greatly limits the treatment benefits of patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated widely involve in tumor progressing, and been proved easy to detect for occupying majority in transcriptome. However, less work focuses on studying the potency of lncRNAs as molecular typing and prognostic indicator in lung cancer. Methods Based on the 448 lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) samples and the expression of 14,127 lncRNAs from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we constructed a co-expression network using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Then based on the feature module and the overall survival of patients, we constructed a risk score model through Cox proportional hazards regression and verified it with a validation cohort. Finally, according to the median of risk score, the function of this model was enriched. Results We identified a module containing 123 lncRNAs that is related with the prognosis of LUAD. Using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression with lasso regression, six lncRNAs were identified to construct a risk score model. The calculation formula shown as follows: risk score = (−0.3057 × EXPVIM-AS1) + (0.9678 × EXPAC092811.1) + (1.0829 × EXPNFIA-AS1) + (−0.3505 × EXPAL035701.1) + (3.9378 × EXPAC079336.4) + (−0.2810 × EXPAL121790.2). Six-lncRNA model can be used as an independent prognostic indicator in LUAD (P<0.001) and the area under the 5-year receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is 0.715. Conclusions We developed a six-lncRNA model, which could be used for predicting prognosis and guiding medical treatment in LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Bai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery research laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Senyi Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery research laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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