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Tsissios G, Sallese A, Chen W, Miller A, Wang H, Del Rio-Tsonis K. In Vivo and Ex Vivo View of Newt Lens Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2562:197-208. [PMID: 36272077 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2659-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lens regeneration in the adult newt illustrates a unique example of naturally occurring cell transdifferentiation. During this process, iris pigmented epithelial cells (iPECs) reprogram into a lens, a tissue that is derived from a different embryonic source. Several methodologies both in vivo and in culture have been utilized over the years to observe this phenomenon. Most recently, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has been identified as an effective tool to study the lens regeneration process in continuity through noninvasive, real-time imaging of the same animal. Described in this chapter are three different methodologies that can be used to observe the newt lens regeneration process both in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsissios
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Sallese
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Weihao Chen
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Miller
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
- Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
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Su F, Yang H, Sun L. A Review of Histocytological Events and Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Intestine Regeneration in Holothurians. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081095. [PMID: 35892951 PMCID: PMC9332576 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Many species of sea cucumber in Echinodermata may eviscerate most of or even all internal organs when encountering predators or adverse environments, and can achieve regeneration within a certain time. Although regeneration time varies, the mechanism is common. This paper reviewed the intestinal regeneration process of sea cucumbers from the perspectives of histocytology and molecular mechanism. Echinodermata has a special evolutionary position between achordate and chordate, so we hope to explore the common regeneration conserved signals between invertebrates and vertebrates by recording the intestinal regeneration of sea cucumbers. Abstract Most species of the class Holothuroidea are able to regenerate most of their internal organs following a typical evisceration process, which is a unique mechanism that allows sea cucumbers to survive in adverse environments. In this review, we compare autotomy among different type of sea cucumber and summarize the histocytological events that occur during the five stages of intestinal regeneration. Multiple cytological activities, such as apoptosis and dedifferentiation, take place during wound healing and anlage formation. Many studies have focused on the molecular regulation mechanisms that underlie regeneration, and herein we describe the techniques that have been used as well as the development-related signaling pathways and key genes that are significantly expressed during intestinal regeneration. Future analyses of the underlying mechanisms responsible for intestinal regeneration should include mapping at the single-cell level. Studies of visceral regeneration in echinoderms provide a unique perspective for understanding whole-body regeneration or appendage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.S.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.S.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
- The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (F.S.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0532-82898645
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Chen W, Tsissios G, Sallese A, Smucker B, Nguyen AT, Chen J, Wang H, Del Rio-Tsonis K. In Vivo Imaging of Newt Lens Regeneration: Novel Insights Into the Regeneration Process. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:4. [PMID: 34383878 PMCID: PMC8362625 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.10.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish optical coherence tomography (OCT) as an in vivo imaging modality for investigating the process of newt lens regeneration. Methods Spectral-domain OCT was employed for in vivo imaging of the newt lens regeneration process. A total of 37 newts were lentectomized and followed by OCT imaging over the course of 60 to 80 days. Histological images were obtained at several time points to compare with the corresponding OCT images. Volume measurements were also acquired. Results OCT can identify the key features observed in corresponding histological images based on the scattering differences from various eye tissues, such as the cornea, intact and regenerated lens, and the iris. Lens volume measurements from three-dimensional OCT images showed that the regenerating lens size increased linearly until 60 days post-lentectomy. Conclusions Using OCT imaging, we were able to track the entire process of newt lens regeneration in vivo for the first time. Three-dimensional OCT images allowed us to volumetrically quantify and visualize the dynamic spatial relationships between tissues during the regeneration process. Our results establish OCT as anin vivo imaging modality to track/analyze the entire lens regeneration process from the same animal. Translational Relevance Lens regeneration in newts represents a unique example of vertebrate tissue plasticity. Investigating the cellular and morphological events that govern this extraordinary process in vivo will advance our understanding and shed light on developing new therapies to treat blinding disorders in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Chen
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Georgios Tsissios
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Anthony Sallese
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Byran Smucker
- Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Department of Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Anh-Thu Nguyen
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Junfan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford OH, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Katia Del Rio-Tsonis
- Department of Biology Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Cellular Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
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Mehta AS, Singh A. Insights into regeneration tool box: An animal model approach. Dev Biol 2019; 453:111-129. [PMID: 30986388 PMCID: PMC6684456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For ages, regeneration has intrigued countless biologists, clinicians, and biomedical engineers. In recent years, significant progress made in identification and characterization of a regeneration tool kit has helped the scientific community to understand the mechanism(s) involved in regeneration across animal kingdom. These mechanistic insights revealed that evolutionarily conserved pathways like Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, BMP, and JAK/STAT are involved in regeneration. Furthermore, advancement in high throughput screening approaches like transcriptomic analysis followed by proteomic validations have discovered many novel genes, and regeneration specific enhancers that are specific to highly regenerative species like Hydra, Planaria, Newts, and Zebrafish. Since genetic machinery is highly conserved across the animal kingdom, it is possible to engineer these genes and regeneration specific enhancers in species with limited regeneration properties like Drosophila, and mammals. Since these models are highly versatile and genetically tractable, cross-species comparative studies can generate mechanistic insights in regeneration for animals with long gestation periods e.g. Newts. In addition, it will allow extrapolation of regenerative capabilities from highly regenerative species to animals with low regeneration potential, e.g. mammals. In future, these studies, along with advancement in tissue engineering applications, can have strong implications in the field of regenerative medicine and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abijeet S Mehta
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA; Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA; The Integrative Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA; Center for Genomic Advocacy (TCGA), Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA.
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Sousounis K, Bhavsar R, Looso M, Krüger M, Beebe J, Braun T, Tsonis PA. Molecular signatures that correlate with induction of lens regeneration in newts: lessons from proteomic analysis. Hum Genomics 2014; 8:22. [PMID: 25496664 PMCID: PMC4271507 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-014-0022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Amphibians have the remarkable ability to regenerate missing body parts. After complete removal of the eye lens, the dorsal but not the ventral iris will transdifferentiate to regenerate an exact replica of the lost lens. We used reverse-phase nano-liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry to detect protein concentrations in dorsal and ventral iris 0, 4, and 8 days post-lentectomy. We performed gene expression comparisons between regeneration and intact timepoints as well as between dorsal and ventral iris. Results Our analysis revealed gene expression patterns associated with the ability of the dorsal iris for transdifferentiation and lens regeneration. Proteins regulating gene expression and various metabolic processes were enriched in regeneration timepoints. Proteins involved in extracellular matrix, gene expression, and DNA-associated functions like DNA repair formed a regeneration-related protein network and were all up-regulated in the dorsal iris. In addition, we investigated protein concentrations in cultured dorsal (transdifferentiation-competent) and ventral (transdifferentiation-incompetent) iris pigmented epithelial (IPE) cells. Our comparative analysis revealed that the ability of dorsal IPE cells to keep memory of their tissue of origin and transdifferentiation is associated with the expression of proteins that specify the dorso-ventral axis of the eye as well as with proteins found highly expressed in regeneration timepoints, especially 8 days post-lentectomy. Conclusions The study deepens our understanding in the mechanism of regeneration by providing protein networks and pathways that participate in the process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40246-014-0022-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sousounis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
| | - Rital Bhavsar
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
| | - Mario Looso
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Jessica Beebe
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Panagiotis A Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA.
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Sousounis K, Athippozhy AT, Voss SR, Tsonis PA. Plasticity for axolotl lens regeneration is associated with age-related changes in gene expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:47-57. [PMID: 27499863 PMCID: PMC4895297 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mexican axolotls lose potential for lens regeneration 2 weeks after hatching. We used microarrays to identify differently expressed genes before and after this critical time, using RNA isolated from iris. Over 3700 genes were identified as differentially expressed in response to lentectomy between young (7 days post‐hatching) and old (3 months post‐hatching) axolotl larvae. Strikingly, many of the genes were only expressed in the early or late iris. Genes that were highly expressed in young iris significantly enriched electron transport chain, transcription, metabolism, and cell cycle gene ontologies, all of which are associated with lens regeneration. In contrast, genes associated with cellular differentiation and tissue maturation were uniquely expressed in old iris. Many of these expression differences strongly suggest that young and old iris samples were collected before and after the spleen became developmentally competent to produce and secrete cells with humoral and innate immunity functions. Our study establishes the axolotl as a powerful model to investigate age‐related cellular differentiation and immune system ontogeny within the context of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sousounis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering University of Dayton Dayton OH USA
| | - Antony T Athippozhy
- Department of Biology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40503 USA
| | - S Randal Voss
- Department of Biology and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40503 USA
| | - Panagiotis A Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering University of Dayton Dayton OH USA
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Bhavsar RB, Tsonis PA. Exogenous Oct-4 inhibits lens transdifferentiation in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102510. [PMID: 25019378 PMCID: PMC4097451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From the cocktail of four factors that were able to induce pluripotent stem cells from differentiated cells, Oct-4, c-Myc, Sox-2 and Klf4, only Oct-4 was not expressed during regeneration in newts. To explore the possible action of this stemness factor we developed an assay where we introduced exogenous Oct-4 protein to an in vitro system for lens regeneration in newts. We found that exogenous Oct-4 inhibits differentiation of iris pigmented epithelial cells into lens cells and also regulates Sox-2 and Pax-6, both important players during lens development. Thus, presence of Oct-4 hinders transdifferentiation of iris cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rital B. Bhavsar
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Panagiotis A. Tsonis
- Department of Biology and Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hoffmann A, Nakamura K, Tsonis PA. Intrinsic lens forming potential of mouse lens epithelial versus newt iris pigment epithelial cells in three-dimensional culture. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 20:91-103. [PMID: 23672748 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) are capable of complete lens regeneration that is mediated through dorsal iris pigment epithelial (IPE) cells transdifferentiation. In contrast, higher vertebrates such as mice demonstrate only limited lens regeneration in the presence of an intact lens capsule with remaining lens epithelial cells. To compare the intrinsic lens regeneration potential of newt IPE versus mouse lens epithelial cells (MLE), we have established a novel culture method that uses cell aggregation before culture in growth factor-reduced Matrigel. Dorsal newt IPE aggregates demonstrated complete lens formation within 1 to 2 weeks of Matrigel culture without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) supplementation, including the establishment of a peripheral cuboidal epithelial cell layer, and the appearance of central lens fibers that were positive for αA-crystallin. In contrast, the lens-forming potential of MLE cell aggregates cultured in Matrigel was incomplete and resulted in the formation of defined-size lentoids with partial optical transparency. While the peripheral cell layers of MLE aggregates were nucleated, cells in the center of aggregates demonstrated a nonapoptotic nuclear loss over a time period of 3 weeks that was representative of lens fiber formation. Matrigel culture supplementation with bFGF resulted in higher transparent bigger-size MLE aggregates that demonstrated increased appearance of βB1-crystallin expression. Our study demonstrates that bFGF is not required for induction of newt IPE aggregate-dependent lens formation in Matrigel, while the addition of bFGF seems to be beneficial for the formation of MLE aggregate-derived lens-like structures. In conclusion, the three-dimensional aggregate culture of IPE and MLE in Matrigel allows to a higher extent than older models the indepth study of the intrinsic lens-forming potential and the corresponding identification of lentogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hoffmann
- Department of Biology, Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton , Dayton, Ohio
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