1
|
Borvinskaya E, Gurkov A, Shchapova E, Karnaukhov D, Sadovoy A, Meglinski I, Timofeyev M. Simple and Effective Administration and Visualization of Microparticles in the Circulatory System of Small Fishes Using Kidney Injection. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29985336 DOI: 10.3791/57491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic administration of micro-size particles into a living organism can be applied for vasculature visualization, drug and vaccine delivery, implantation of transgenic cells and tiny optical sensors. However, intravenous microinjections into small animals, which are mostly used in biological and veterinary laboratories, are very difficult and require trained personnel. Herein, we demonstrate a robust and efficient method for the introduction of microparticles into the circulatory system of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) by injection into the fish kidney. To visualize the introduced microparticles in the vasculature, we propose a simple intravital imaging technique in fish gills. In vivo monitoring of the zebrafish blood pH was accomplished using an injected microencapsulated fluorescent probe, SNARF-1, to demonstrate one of the possible applications of the described technique. This article provides a detailed description of the encapsulation of pH-sensitive dye and demonstrates the principles of the quick injection and visualization of the obtained microcapsules for in vivo recording of the fluorescent signal. The proposed method of injection is characterized by a low mortality rate (0-20%) and high efficiency (70-90% success), and it is easy to institute using commonly available equipment. All described procedures can be performed on other small fish species, such as guppies and medaka.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Borvinskaya
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University; Institute of Biology at Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Anton Gurkov
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University; Baikal Research Centre
| | | | | | - Anton Sadovoy
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR)
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University; University of Oulu, Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schall KA, Holoyda KA, Grant CN, Levin DE, Torres ER, Maxwell A, Pollack HA, Moats RA, Frey MR, Darehzereshki A, Al Alam D, Lien C, Grikscheit TC. Adult zebrafish intestine resection: a novel model of short bowel syndrome, adaptation, and intestinal stem cell regeneration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G135-45. [PMID: 26089336 PMCID: PMC4525108 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00311.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Loss of significant intestinal length from congenital anomaly or disease may lead to short bowel syndrome (SBS); intestinal failure may be partially offset by a gain in epithelial surface area, termed adaptation. Current in vivo models of SBS are costly and technically challenging. Operative times and survival rates have slowed extension to transgenic models. We created a new reproducible in vivo model of SBS in zebrafish, a tractable vertebrate model, to facilitate investigation of the mechanisms of intestinal adaptation. Proximal intestinal diversion at segment 1 (S1, equivalent to jejunum) was performed in adult male zebrafish. SBS fish emptied distal intestinal contents via stoma as in the human disease. After 2 wk, S1 was dilated compared with controls and villus ridges had increased complexity, contributing to greater villus epithelial perimeter. The number of intervillus pockets, the intestinal stem cell zone of the zebrafish increased and contained a higher number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells after 2 wk of SBS. Egf receptor and a subset of its ligands, also drivers of adaptation, were upregulated in SBS fish. Igf has been reported as a driver of intestinal adaptation in other animal models, and SBS fish exposed to a pharmacological inhibitor of the Igf receptor failed to demonstrate signs of intestinal adaptation, such as increased inner epithelial perimeter and BrdU incorporation. We describe a technically feasible model of human SBS in the zebrafish, a faster and less expensive tool to investigate intestinal stem cell plasticity as well as the mechanisms that drive intestinal adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Schall
- 1Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - K. A. Holoyda
- 1Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - C. N. Grant
- 1Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - D. E. Levin
- 1Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - E. R. Torres
- 1Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - A. Maxwell
- 2Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - H. A. Pollack
- 3Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - R. A. Moats
- 3Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - M. R. Frey
- 2Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; ,4Department of Pediatrics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - A. Darehzereshki
- 2Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - D. Al Alam
- 1Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - C. Lien
- 2Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; ,5Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - T. C. Grikscheit
- 1Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; ,2Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Atlas of Cellular Dynamics during Zebrafish Adult Kidney Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:547636. [PMID: 26089919 PMCID: PMC4451991 DOI: 10.1155/2015/547636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is a useful animal model to study the signaling pathways that orchestrate kidney regeneration, as its renal nephrons are simple, yet they maintain the biological complexity inherent to that of higher vertebrate organisms including mammals. Recent studies have suggested that administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin in zebrafish mimics human acute kidney injury (AKI) through the induction of nephron damage, but the timing and details of critical phenotypic events associated with the regeneration process, particularly in existing nephrons, have not been characterized. Here, we mapped the temporal progression of cellular and molecular changes that occur during renal epithelial regeneration of the proximal tubule in the adult zebrafish using a platform of histological and expression analysis techniques. This work establishes the timing of renal cell death after gentamicin injury, identifies proliferative compartments within the kidney, and documents gene expression changes associated with the regenerative response of proliferating cells. These data provide an important descriptive atlas that documents the series of events that ensue after damage in the zebrafish kidney, thus availing a valuable resource for the scientific community that can facilitate the implementation of zebrafish research to delineate the mechanisms that control renal regeneration.
Collapse
|
4
|
McKee RA, Wingert RA. Zebrafish Renal Pathology: Emerging Models of Acute Kidney Injury. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:171-181. [PMID: 25973344 PMCID: PMC4419198 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The renal system is vital to maintain homeostasis in the body, where the kidneys contain nephron functional units that remove metabolic waste from the bloodstream, regulate fluids, and balance electrolytes. Severe organ damage from toxins or ischemia that occurs abruptly can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in which there is a rapid, life-threatening loss of these activities. Humans have a limited but poorly understood ability to regenerate damaged nephrons after AKI. However, researchers studying AKI in vertebrate animal models such as mammals, and more recently the zebrafish, have documented robust regeneration within the nephron blood filter and tubule following injury. Further, zebrafish kidneys contain progenitors that create new nephrons after AKI. Here, we review investigations in zebrafish which have established a series of exciting renal pathology paradigms that complement existing AKI models and can be implemented to discover insights into kidney regeneration and the roles of stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Rebecca A. Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diep CQ, Peng Z, Ukah TK, Kelly PM, Daigle RV, Davidson AJ. Development of the zebrafish mesonephros. Genesis 2015; 53:257-69. [PMID: 25677367 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate kidney plays an essential role in removing metabolic waste and balancing water and salt. This is carried out by nephrons, which comprise a blood filter attached to an epithelial tubule with proximal and distal segments. In zebrafish, two nephrons are first formed as part of the embryonic kidney (pronephros) and hundreds are formed later to make up the adult kidney (mesonephros). Previous studies have focused on the development of the pronephros while considerably less is known about how the mesonephros is formed. Here, we characterize mesonephros development in zebrafish and examine the nephrons that form during larval metamorphosis. These nephrons, arising from proliferating progenitor cells that express the renal transcription factor genes wt1b, pax2a, and lhx1a, form on top of the pronephric tubules and develop a segmentation pattern similar to pronephric nephrons. We find that the pronephros acts as a scaffold for the mesonephros, where new nephrons fuse with the distal segments of the pronephric tubules to form the final branching network that characterizes the adult zebrafish kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Q Diep
- Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Kidney Program, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
McCampbell KK, Wingert RA. New tides: using zebrafish to study renal regeneration. Transl Res 2014; 163:109-22. [PMID: 24183931 PMCID: PMC3946610 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, the zebrafish has become one of the major vertebrate model organisms used in biomedical research. In this arena, the zebrafish has emerged as an applicable system for the study of kidney diseases and renal regeneration. The relevance of the zebrafish model for nephrology research has been increasingly appreciated as the understanding of zebrafish kidney structure, ontogeny, and the response to damage has steadily expanded. Recent studies have documented the amazing regenerative characteristics of the zebrafish kidney, which include the ability to replace epithelial populations after acute injury and to grow new renal functional units, termed nephrons. Here we discuss how nephron composition is conserved between zebrafish and mammals, and highlight how recent findings from zebrafish studies utilizing transgenic technologies and chemical genetics can complement traditional murine approaches in the effort to dissect how the kidney responds to acute damage and identify therapeutics that enhance human renal regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.
| |
Collapse
|