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Kenyon E, Zaluzec E, Powell K, Volk M, Chakravarty S, Hix J, Kiupel M, Shapiro EM, Sempere LF. X-Ray Visualization of Intraductal Ethanol-Based Ablative Treatment for Prevention of Breast Cancer in Rat Models. JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS : JOVE 2022:10.3791/64042. [PMID: 36571406 PMCID: PMC9876732 DOI: 10.3791/64042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are still a limited number of primary interventions for prevention of breast cancer. For women at a high risk of developing breast cancer, the most effective intervention is prophylactic mastectomy. This is a drastic surgical procedure in which the mammary epithelial cells that can give rise to breast cancer are completely removed along with the surrounding tissue. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the feasibility of a minimally invasive intraductal procedure that could become a new primary intervention for breast cancer prevention. This local procedure would preferentially ablate mammary epithelial cells before they can become malignant. Intraductal methods to deliver solutions directly to these epithelial cells in rodent models of breast cancer have been developed at Michigan State University and elsewhere. The rat mammary gland consists of a single ductal tree that has a simpler and more linear architecture compared to the human breast. However, chemically induced rat models of breast cancer offer valuable tools for proof-of-concept studies of new preventive interventions and scalability from mouse models to humans. Here, a procedure for intraductal delivery of an ethanol-based ablative solution containing tantalum oxide nanoparticles as X-ray contrast agent and ethyl cellulose as gelling agent into the rat mammary ductal tree is described. Delivery of aqueous reagents (e.g., cytotoxic compounds, siRNAs, AdCre) by intraductal injection has been described previously in mouse and rat models. This protocol description emphasizes methodological changes and steps that pertain uniquely to delivering an ablative solution, formulation consideration to minimize local and systemic side effects of the ablative solution, and X-ray imaging for in vivo assessment of ductal tree filling. Fluoroscopy and micro-CT techniques enable to determine the success of ablative solution delivery and the extent of ductal tree filling thanks to compatibility with the tantalum-containing contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kenyon
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Erin Zaluzec
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Powell
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Maximilian Volk
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shatadru Chakravarty
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,TechInsights Inc., Suite 500, 1891 Robertson Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2H 5B7
| | - Jeremy Hix
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,IQ Advanced Molecular Imaging Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Erik M. Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lorenzo F. Sempere
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Kenyon E, Zaluzec EK, Powell K, Volk M, Chakravarty S, Hix J, Arora R, Westerhuis JJ, Kiupel M, Shapiro EM, Sempere LF. Intraductal Delivery and X-ray Visualization of Ethanol-Based Ablative Solution for Prevention and Local Treatment of Breast Cancer in Mouse Models. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/63457. [PMID: 35435915 PMCID: PMC9613378 DOI: 10.3791/63457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the second-leading cause of cancer-related death for women in the USA. For high-risk women, prophylactic mastectomy is the most effective primary prevention strategy. Prophylactic mastectomy is an aggressive surgical procedure that completely removes the mammary epithelial cells from which breast cancer arises along with the surrounding tissue. We seek to develop a minimally invasive intraductal procedure as an alternative to prophylactic mastectomy to locally ablate the mammary epithelial cells before they can become malignant. We and others have developed an intraductal delivery procedure to reach and treat these epithelial cells in rodent models of breast cancer. While the mouse mammary gland with a single non-anastomosed ductal tree opening at the nipple has a much less complex and tortuous architecture than the human breast, chemically induced and genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer are valuable to produce proof-of-concept studies of new preventative strategies. Here, we describe a procedure for intraductal delivery of an ethanol-based ablative solution containing micro-CT/X-ray tantalum-based contrast agent within the mouse mammary ductal tree for the therapeutic purpose of primary prevention of breast cancer. Intraductal delivery of aqueous reagents (e.g., cytotoxic compounds, siRNAs, AdCre) has been previously described in mouse models. Thus, we focus our protocol description on methodological modifications and unique experimental considerations for optimizing delivery of ethanol, for minimizing local and systemic side effects of ethanol administration, and for in vivo visualization of ductal tree filling via micro-CT/fluoroscopy imaging. Visualization of the ductal tree immediately after injection of a contrast-containing solution allows for confirmation of complete filling or unsuccessful outcomes such as underfilling or overfilling. This procedure can be applied for delivery and imaging of other ablative compounds aimed at either preventing tumor formation or locally treating early-stage tumors accessible via the ductal tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kenyon
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University; Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Erin K Zaluzec
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Katherine Powell
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University; Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Maximilian Volk
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Shatadru Chakravarty
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University; Advanced Materials Characterization Laboratory/Materials Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology
| | - Jeremy Hix
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University; Institute for Quantitative (IQ) Health Science and Engineering Advanced Molecular Imaging Facility, Michigan State University
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University; Institute for Quantitative (IQ) Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University
| | | | - Matti Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Erik M Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University; Institute for Quantitative (IQ) Health Science and Engineering Advanced Molecular Imaging Facility, Michigan State University
| | - Lorenzo F Sempere
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University; Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University;
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Nrf2-ARE Signaling Partially Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mammary Lesions via Regulation of Oxidative and Organelle Stresses but Not Inflammatory Response in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8821833. [PMID: 33505589 PMCID: PMC7810562 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8821833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of mastitis is high during the postpartum stage, which causes severe pain and hinders breast feeding in humans and reduces milk production in dairy cows. Studies suggested that inflammation in multiple organs is associated with oxidative stress and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element pathway is one of the most important antioxidant pathways, but the effects of Nrf2 on antioxidation in the mammary gland during mastitis are still unclear. In this study, intramammary lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was carried out in wild-type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout mice. Results showed that the expression of Nrf2 affected the expression of milk protein genes (Csn2 and Csn3). Importantly, LPS treatment increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and the content of glutathione in the mammary gland of WT mice, but not in Nrf2(-/-) mice. The expression levels of glutathione synthesis genes (GCLC, GCLM, and xCT) were lower in Nrf2(-/-) mice than in WT mice. Moreover, mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic and endoplasmic reticulum stress were significantly relieved in WT mice compared with that in Nrf2(-/-) mice. In summary, the expression of Nrf2 may play an important role in prevention of oxidative and organelle stresses during endotoxin-induced mastitis in mouse mammary gland.
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Yu GM, Tan W. Melatonin Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Cultured Mouse Mammary Tissue. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:8597159. [PMID: 30890898 PMCID: PMC6390262 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8597159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether melatonin can protect cultured mouse mammary tissue from lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced damage, we investigated the effects of melatonin on the mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in LPS-stimulated mammary tissue in vitro. This study also examined the IgG level in both cultured mammary tissue and the culture medium. In addition, we investigated the potential benefits of melatonin on the expression of antioxidant relative genes following LPS treatment in cultured mammary tissue and evaluated ROS level in the culture medium. The results demonstrate that melatonin inhibited the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL1, MCP-1, and RANTES and the production of these cytokines and chemokines and IgG in LPS-stimulated mouse mammary tissue in vitro. In addition, melatonin increased Nrf2 but decreased iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression after LPS stimulation. Similarly, the decreased level of dityrosine in the culture medium was increased by treatment with melatonin, while increased nitrite level was suppressed. This study confirms that melatonin inhibited LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in cultured mouse mammary tissue. It might contribute to mastitis therapy while treating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Min Yu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zwick RK, Rudolph MC, Shook BA, Holtrup B, Roth E, Lei V, Van Keymeulen A, Seewaldt V, Kwei S, Wysolmerski J, Rodeheffer MS, Horsley V. Adipocyte hypertrophy and lipid dynamics underlie mammary gland remodeling after lactation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3592. [PMID: 30181538 PMCID: PMC6123393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes undergo pronounced changes in size and behavior to support diverse tissue functions, but the mechanisms that control these changes are not well understood. Mammary gland-associated white adipose tissue (mgWAT) regresses in support of milk fat production during lactation and expands during the subsequent involution of milk-producing epithelial cells, providing one of the most marked physiological examples of adipose growth. We examined cellular mechanisms and functional implications of adipocyte and lipid dynamics in the mouse mammary gland (MG). Using in vivo analysis of adipocyte precursors and genetic tracing of mature adipocytes, we find mature adipocyte hypertrophy to be a primary mechanism of mgWAT expansion during involution. Lipid tracking and lipidomics demonstrate that adipocytes fill with epithelial-derived milk lipid. Furthermore, ablation of mgWAT during involution reveals an essential role for adipocytes in milk trafficking from, and proper restructuring of, the mammary epithelium. This work advances our understanding of MG remodeling and tissue-specific roles for adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Zwick
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Mail Stop F-8305; RC1 North, 12800 E. 19th Avenue P18-5107, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brett A Shook
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eve Roth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Vivian Lei
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Alexandra Van Keymeulen
- WELBIO, Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808, route de Lennik, BatC, C6-130, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Victoria Seewaldt
- Department of Population Sciences and Bekman Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Stephanie Kwei
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Song X, Zhang W, Wang T, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Yang Z, Cao Y, Zhang N. Geniposide plays an anti-inflammatory role via regulating TLR4 and downstream signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice. Inflammation 2015; 37:1588-98. [PMID: 24771071 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Geniposide is a medicine isolated from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, which is a traditional Chinese herb that is widely used in Asia for the treatment of inflammation, brain diseases, and hepatic disorders. Mastitis is a highly prevalent and important infectious disease. In this study, we used a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse mastitis model and LPS-stimulated primary mouse mammary epithelial cells (mMECs) to explore the anti-inflammatory effect and the mechanism of action of geniposide. Using intraductal injection of LPS as a mouse model of mastitis, we found that geniposide significantly reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and downregulated the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). To further investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism, we used LPS-stimulated mMECs as an in vitro mastitis model. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that geniposide inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis demonstrated that geniposide could suppress the phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B (IκBα), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Geniposide also inhibited the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the LPS-stimulated mMECs. In conclusion, geniposide exerted its anti-inflammatory effect by regulating TLR4 expression, which affected the downstream NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Thus, geniposide may be a potential drug for mastitis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
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7
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Methods to study primary tumor cells and residual tumor cells in mouse models of oncogene dependence. Methods Mol Biol 2015. [PMID: 25636480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The studies of oncogene dependence are aimed to understand an unfortunate and puzzling aspect of targeted anticancer treatments-their progression to drug resistance. Drug resistance develops from a pool of cells that survive the original treatment, called minimal residual disease. Mouse models based on tetracycline-dependent expression of transgenic oncogenes are used to imitate targeted oncogene blockade and to reproduce minimal residual disease in humans. Here we describe a novel method for generating oncogene-dependent mammary tumors using somatic transfer of transactivator-containing retroviruses into transgenic mice with tetracycline-dependent oncogenes and a method for measuring continuous mitotic activity in epithelial cells in real time.
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8
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Markiewicz E, Fan X, Mustafi D, Zamora M, Roman BB, Jansen SA, Macleod K, Conzen SD, Karczmar GS. High resolution 3D MRI of mouse mammary glands with intra-ductal injection of contrast media. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 33:161-5. [PMID: 25179139 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use high resolution three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study mouse mammary gland ductal architecture based on intra-ductal injection of contrast agents. Female FVB/N mice age 12-20 weeks (n=12), were used in this study. A 34G, 45° tip Hamilton needle with a 25μL Hamilton syringe was inserted into the tip of the nipple. Approximately 20-25μL of a Gadodiamide/Trypan blue/saline solution was injected slowly over one minute into the nipple and duct. To prevent washout of contrast media from ducts due to perfusion, and maximize the conspicuity of ducts on MRI, mice were sacrificed one minute after injection. High resolution 3D T1-weighted images were acquired on a 9.4T Bruker scanner after sacrifice to eliminate motion artifacts and reduce contrast media leakage from ducts. Trypan blue staining was well distributed throughout the ductal tree. MRI showed the mammary gland ductal structure clearly. In spoiled gradient echo T1-weighted images, the signal-to-noise ratio of regions identified as enhancing mammary ducts following contrast injection was significantly higher than that of muscle (p<0.02) and significantly higher than that of contralateral mammary ducts that were not injected with contrast media (p<0.0001). The methods described here could be adapted for injection of specialized contrast agents to measure metabolism or target receptors in normal ducts and ducts with in situ cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Markiewicz
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaobing Fan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Devkumar Mustafi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marta Zamora
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian B Roman
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sanaz A Jansen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kay Macleod
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suzanne D Conzen
- Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Wang Y, He X, Hao D, Yu D, Liang J, Qu Y, Sun D, Yang B, Yang K, Wu R, Wang J. Low-level laser therapy attenuates LPS-induced rats mastitis by inhibiting polymorphonuclear neutrophil adhesion. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1443-50. [PMID: 25452258 PMCID: PMC4272976 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to
investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on a rat model of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis and its underlying molecular mechanisms. The rat
model of mastitis was induced by inoculation of LPS through the canals of the mammary
gland. The results showed that LPS-induced secretion of IL-1β and IL-8 significantly
decreased after LLLT (650 nm, 2.5 mW, 30 mW/cm2). LLLT also
inhibited intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and attenuated the
LPS-induced decrease of the expression of CD62L and increase of the expression of CD11b.
Moreover, LLLT also suppressed LPS-induced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) entering
the alveoli of the mammary gland. The number of PMNs in the mammary alveolus and the
myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were decreased after LLLT. These results suggested that
LLLT therapy is beneficial in decreasing the somatic cell count and improving milk
nutritional quality in cows with an intramammary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
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Rutkowski MR, Allegrezza MJ, Svoronos N, Tesone AJ, Stephen TL, Perales-Puchalt A, Nguyen J, Zhang PJ, Fiering SN, Tchou J, Conejo-Garcia JR. Initiation of metastatic breast carcinoma by targeting of the ductal epithelium with adenovirus-cre: a novel transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24748051 PMCID: PMC4027029 DOI: 10.3791/51171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of αβ and γδ T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute
| | - Tom L Stephen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute
| | | | - Jenny Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute
| | - Paul J Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
| | - Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania; Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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