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El-Ashmawy NE, Salem ML, Khedr EG, El-Zamarany EA, Ibrahim AO. Dual-targeted therapeutic strategy combining CSC-DC-based vaccine and cisplatin overcomes chemo-resistance in experimental mice model. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1155-1165. [PMID: 31748959 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Emerging evidence suggests that one of the main reasons of chemotherapy treatment failure is the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR) associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs). Our aim is to identify a therapeutic strategy based on MDR-reversing agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS CSC-enriched Ehrlich carcinoma (EC) cell cultures were prepared by drug-resistant selection method using different concentrations of cisplatin (CIS). Cell cultures following drug exposure were analyzed by flow cytometry for CSC surface markers CD44+/CD24-. We isolated murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and then used them to prepare CSC-DC vaccine by pulsation with CSC-enriched lysate. DCs were examined by flow cytometry for phenotypic markers. Solid Ehrlich carcinoma bearing mice were injected with the CSC-DC vaccine in conjunction with repeated low doses of CIS. Tumor growth inhibition was evaluated and tumor tissues were excised and analyzed by real-time PCR to determine the relative gene expression levels of MDR and Bcl-2. Histopathological features of tumor tissues excised were examined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Co-treatment with CSC-DC and CIS resulted in a significant tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, the greatest response of downregulation of MDR and Bcl-2 relative gene expression were achieved in the same group. In parallel, the histopathological observations demonstrated enhanced apoptosis and absence of mitotic figures in tumor tissues of the co-treatment group. Dual targeting of resistant cancer cells using CSC-DC vaccine along with cisplatin represents a promising therapeutic strategy that could suppress tumor growth, circumvent MDR, and increase the efficacy of conventional chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E El-Ashmawy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - M L Salem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - E G Khedr
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - E A El-Zamarany
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - A O Ibrahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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2
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Lu L, Wang P, Zou Y, Zha Z, Huang H, Guan M, Wu Y, Liu G. IL-1β Promotes Stemness of Tumor Cells by Activating Smad/ID1 Signaling Pathway. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1257-1268. [PMID: 32547321 PMCID: PMC7294920 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.44285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: IL-1β is reported to be involved in cancer development and distant metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism of IL-1β upon malignant behaviors remains largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to study whether IL-1β could enhance the stemness traits of tumor cells. Methods: The concentrations of serum IL-1β in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and melanoma patients were detected using ELISA assay. The effect and mechanisms of IL-1β on tumor cell growth, migration, invasion and stemness characters were studied using HNSCC cell SCC7 and melanoma cell B16-F10. The underlying mechanisms were further explored. Results: Enhanced concentrations of IL-1β were positively correlated with advanced tumor stage in both HNSCC and melanoma patients. IL-1β treatment led to a significant increase in tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. IL-1β stimulation promoted cell proliferation, colony formation and tumorigenicity. In addition, IL-1β-stimulated tumor cells gained enhanced capabilities on wounding healing and invasion capabilities. Moreover, IL-1β stimulation promoted the stem-like capabilities of both HNSCC cells and melanoma cells, including the enrichment of aldehyde dehydrogenase+ (ALDH+) cells, up-regulation of stem cell related markers Nanog, OCT4, and SOX2, sphere formation and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, IL-1β treatment promoted the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and activated its downstream target inhibitor of differentiation 1 (ID1). Silencing ID1 abrogated sphere formation and upregulated expression of stemness genes which were induced by IL-1β stimulation. Conclusion: Our data demonstrates that IL-1β promotes the stemness of HNSCC and melanoma cells through activating Smad/ID1 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180.,Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180
| | - Yonghong Zou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ji'an City Center People's Hospital, Jiangxi, China, 343000
| | - Zhiqiang Zha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180
| | - Haowei Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180
| | - Mingmei Guan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180.,Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180.,Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180
| | - Guolong Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180.,Department of Medical Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, 510180
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3
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Ruan S, Lin M, Zhu Y, Lum L, Thakur A, Jin R, Shao W, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Huang S, Hurt EM, Chang AE, Wicha MS, Li Q. Integrin β4-Targeted Cancer Immunotherapies Inhibit Tumor Growth and Decrease Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 80:771-783. [PMID: 31843981 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Integrin β4 (ITGB4) has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of cancer stem cells (CSC). Immune targeting of ITGB4 represents a novel approach to target this cell population, with potential clinical benefit. We developed two immunologic strategies to target ITGB4: ITGB4 protein-pulsed dendritic cells (ITGB4-DC) for vaccination and adoptive transfer of anti-CD3/anti-ITGB4 bispecific antibody (ITGB4 BiAb)-armed tumor-draining lymph node T cells. Two immunocompetent mouse models were utilized to assess the efficacy of these immunotherapies in targeting both CSCs and bulk tumor populations: 4T1 mammary tumors and SCC7 head and neck squamous carcinoma cell line. Immunologic targeting of ITGB4 utilizing either ITGB4-DC or ITGB4 BiAb-T cells significantly inhibited local tumor growth and metastases in both the 4T1 and SCC7 tumor models. Furthermore, the efficacy of both of these ITGB4-targeted immunotherapies was significantly enhanced by the addition of anti-PD-L1. Both ITGB4-targeted immunotherapies induced endogenous T-cell cytotoxicity directed at CSCs as well as non-CSCs, which expressed ITGB4, and immune plasma-mediated killing of CSCs. As a result, ITGB4-targeted immunotherapy reduced not only the number of ITGB4high CSCs in residual 4T1 and SCC7 tumors but also their tumor-initiating capacity in secondary mouse implants. In addition, treated mice demonstrated no apparent toxicity. The specificity of these treatments was demonstrated by the lack of effects observed using ITGB4 knockout 4T1 or ITGB4-negative CT26 colon carcinoma cells. Because ITGB4 is expressed by CSCs across a variety of tumor types, these results support immunologic targeting of ITGB4 as a promising therapeutic strategy.Significance: This study identifies a novel mechanism of resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy mediated by HPV E5, which can be exploited using the HPV E5 inhibitor rimantadine to improve outcomes for head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Ruan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Guangzhou Improve Medical Instruments Co., Ltd. Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lawrence Lum
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Archana Thakur
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Runming Jin
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenlong Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shiang Huang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | - Alfred E Chang
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Max S Wicha
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Qiao Li
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive melanoma stem cells in tumorigenesis, drug resistance and anti-neoplastic immunotherapy. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:1435-1443. [PMID: 31838656 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a rare subset of cancer cells, are well known for their self-renewing capacity. CSCs play a critical role in therapeutic failure and are responsible for poor prognosis in leukemia and various solid tumors. However, it is still unclear how CSCs initiate carcinogenesis and evade the immune response. In humans, the melanoma initiating cells (MICs) are recognized as the CSCs in melanomas, and were verified to possess CSC potentials. The enzymatic system, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is considered to be a specific marker for CSCs in several tumors. The expression of ALDH in MICs may be closely correlated with phenotypic heterogeneity, melanoma-genesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. The ALDH+ CSCs/MICs not only serve as an indicator for therapeutic efficacy, but have also become a target for the treat of melanoma. In this review, we initially introduce the multiple capacities of MICs in melanoma. Then, we summarize in vivo and in vitro studies that illustrate the relationship between ALDH and MICs. Furthermore, understanding of chemotherapy resistance in melanoma relies on ALDH+ MICs. Finally, we review studies that focus on melanoma immunotherapies, rendering ALDH a potential marker to evaluate the efficacy of anti-neoplastic therapies or an adjuvant anti-melanoma target.
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Fu C, Zhou N, Zhao Y, Duan J, Xu H, Wang Y. Dendritic cells loaded with CD44 + CT-26 colon cell lysate evoke potent antitumor immune responses. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5897-5904. [PMID: 31788063 PMCID: PMC6865088 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the concept that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for cancer progression and metastasis, therapy resistance and relapse. In addition to conventional therapies for colon cancer, the development of immunotherapies targeting cancer stem cells appears to be a promising strategy to suppress tumor recurrence and metastasis. In the present study, dendritic cells (DCs) were pulsed with whole-tumor cell lysates or total RNA of CD44+ colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) isolated from mouse colon adenocarcinoma CT-26 cell cultures and investigated for their antitumor immunity against CCSCs in vivo and in vitro. In a model of colon adenocarcinoma using BALB/c mice, a sequential reduction in tumor volume and weight was associated with an extended survival in tumor-bearing mice vaccinated with DCs pulsed with RNA or CCSC lysate. In addition, a lactate dehydrogenase assay indicated that cytotoxic T-cells derived from the treated mice exhibited strong cytotoxic activity. Additionally, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that the cytotoxic T-cells of the treated mice released higher levels of interferon-γ against CCSCs compared with those of the control group. In all experiments, the antitumor efficacy of the lysate-pulsed DC-treated and RNA-pulsed DC-treated groups were significantly higher compared with that of the DC-treated and control groups. The results of the present study indicated the potential use of DCs pulsed with cancer stem cell lysates as a potent therapeutic antigen to target CSCs in colon cancer. Additionally, the results provided a rationale for using lysate-pulsed DCs in vivo to eliminate residual tumor deposits in post-operative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Fu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jinyue Duan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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El-Ashmawy NE, El-Zamarany EA, Salem ML, Khedr EG, Ibrahim AO. A new strategy for enhancing antitumor immune response using dendritic cells loaded with chemo-resistant cancer stem-like cells in experimental mice model. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:106-117. [PMID: 31051312 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are rare cell population present in the tumor bulk that are thought to be the reason for treatment failure following chemotherapy in terms of their intrinsic chemo-resistance. Our study aimed to develop an effective therapeutic strategy to target chemo-resistant cancer stem - like cells population in solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) mice model using dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with enriched tumor cells lysate bearing CSC-like phenotype as a vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ehrlich carcinoma cell line was exposed to different concentrations of cisplatin, doxorubicin, or paclitaxel. Drug treatment that resulted in drug surviving cells with the highest expression of CSCs markers (CD44+/CD24-) was selected to obtain enriched cell cultures with resistant CSCs population. Dendritic cells were isolated from mice bone marrow, pulsed with enriched CSC lysate, analyzed and identified (CD11c, CD83 and CD86). SEC-bearing mice were treated with loaded or unloaded DCs either as single treatment or in combination with repeated low doses of cisplatin. IFN- γ serum level and p53gene expression in tumor tissues were determined by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The results revealed that vaccination with CSC loaded DCs significantly reduced tumor size, prolonged survival rate, increased IFN-γ serum levels, and upregulated p53gene expression in SEC bearing mice. These findings were more evident and significant in the group co-treated with CSC-DC and cisplatin rather than other treated groups. This study opens the field for combining CSC-targeted immunotherapy with repeated low doses chemotherapy as an effective strategy to improve anticancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enas A El-Zamarany
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L Salem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt; Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Eman G Khedr
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Amera O Ibrahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt.
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7
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Jiang T, Chen X, Zhou W, Fan G, Zhao P, Ren S, Zhou C, Zhang J. Immunotherapy with Dendritic Cells Modified with Tumor-Associated Antigen Gene Demonstrates Enhanced Antitumor Effect Against Lung Cancer. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:132-141. [PMID: 28129580 PMCID: PMC5266489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy using dendritic cell (DC) vaccine has the potential to overcome the bottleneck of cancer therapy. METHODS: We engineered Lewis lung cancer cells (LLCs) and bone marrow–derived DCs to express tumor-associated antigen (TAA) ovalbumin (OVA) via lentiviral vector plasmid encoding OVA gene. We then tested the antitumor effect of modified DCs both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that in vitro modified DCs could dramatically enhance T-cell proliferation (P < .01) and killing of LLCs than control groups (P < .05). Moreover, modified DCs could reduce tumor size and prolong the survival of LLC tumor-bearing mice than control groups (P < .01 and P < .01, respectively). Mechanistically, modified DCs demonstrated enhanced homing to T-cell–rich compartments and triggered more naive T cells to become cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which exhibited significant infiltration into the tumors. Interestingly, modified DCs also markedly reduced tumor cells harboring stem cell markers in mice (P < .05), suggesting the potential role on cancer stem-like cells. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that DCs bioengineered with TAA could enhance antitumor effect and therefore represent a novel anticancer strategy that is worth further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zheng Min Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Anthropotomy and Histo-Embryology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Anthropotomy and Histo-Embryology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guoxin Fan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yan Chang Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Peilin Zhao
- Department of Anthropotomy and Histo-Embryology, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zheng Min Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 507 Zheng Min Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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8
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Birkeland AC, Owen JH, Prince ME. Targeting Head and Neck Cancer Stem Cells: Current Advances and Future Challenges. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1516-23. [PMID: 26307039 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515601960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), or tumor-initiating cells, comprise a subset of tumor cells with demonstrated ability for tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Targeting of CSCs remains an attractive yet elusive therapeutic option, with the goal of increasing specificity and effectiveness in tumor eradication, as well as decreasing off-target or systemic toxicity. Research into further characterization and targeted therapy toward head and neck CSCs is an active and rapidly evolving field. This review discusses the current state of research into therapy against head and neck CSCs and future directions for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J H Owen
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M E Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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9
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Yang T, Rycaj K. Targeted therapy against cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:27-33. [PMID: 26170972 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the ability to self-renew and give rise to more mature (differentiated) cancer cells, and which may be the cells responsible for the overall organization of a tumor, has progressed rapidly and concomitantly with recent advances in studies of normal tissue stem cells. CSCs have been reported in a wide spectrum of human tumors. Like normal tissue stem cells, CSCs similarly exhibit significant phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. The ability of CSCs to self-renew results in the immortality of malignant cells at the population level, whereas the ability of CSCs to differentiate, either fully or partially, generates the cellular hierarchy and heterogeneity commonly observed in solid tumors. CSCs also appear to have maximized their pro-survival mechanisms leading to their relative resistance to anti-cancer therapies and subsequent relapse. Studies in animal models of human cancers have also provided insight into the heterogeneity and characteristics of CSCs, helping to establish a platform for the development of novel targeted therapies against specific CSCs. In the present study, we briefly review the most recent progress in dissecting CSC heterogeneity and targeting CSCs in various human tumor systems. We also highlight a few examples of CSC-targeted drug development and clinical trials, with the ultimate aim of developing more effective therapeutic regimens that are capable of preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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Papagerakis S, Pannone G, Zheng L, About I, Taqi N, Nguyen NPT, Matossian M, McAlpin B, Santoro A, McHugh J, Prince ME, Papagerakis P. Oral epithelial stem cells - implications in normal development and cancer metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 325:111-29. [PMID: 24803391 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosa is continuously exposed to environmental forces and has to be constantly renewed. Accordingly, the oral mucosa epithelium contains a large reservoir of epithelial stem cells necessary for tissue homeostasis. Despite considerable scientific advances in stem cell behavior in a number of tissues, fewer studies have been devoted to the stem cells in the oral epithelium. Most of oral mucosa stem cells studies are focused on identifying cancer stem cells (CSC) in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) among other head and neck cancers. OSCCs are the most prevalent epithelial tumors of the head and neck region, marked by their aggressiveness and invasiveness. Due to their highly tumorigenic properties, it has been suggested that CSC may be the critical population of cancer cells in the development of OSCC metastasis. This review presents a brief overview of epithelium stem cells with implications in oral health, and the clinical implications of the CSC concept in OSCC metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Imad About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Nawar Taqi
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nghia P T Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margarite Matossian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Blake McAlpin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angela Santoro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jonathan McHugh
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark E Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Organogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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