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Polikarpova A, Ellinghaus A, Schmidt-Bleek O, Grosser L, Bucher CH, Duda GN, Tanaka EM, Schmidt-Bleek K. The specialist in regeneration-the Axolotl-a suitable model to study bone healing? NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:35. [PMID: 35773262 PMCID: PMC9246919 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While the axolotl's ability to completely regenerate amputated limbs is well known and studied, the mechanism of axolotl bone fracture healing remains poorly understood. One reason might be the lack of a standardized fracture fixation in axolotl. We present a surgical technique to stabilize the osteotomized axolotl femur with a fixator plate and compare it to a non-stabilized osteotomy and to limb amputation. The healing outcome was evaluated 3 weeks, 3, 6 and 9 months post-surgery by microcomputer tomography, histology and immunohistochemistry. Plate-fixated femurs regained bone integrity more efficiently in comparison to the non-fixated osteotomized bone, where larger callus formed, possibly to compensate for the bone fragment misalignment. The healing of a non-critical osteotomy in axolotl was incomplete after 9 months, while amputated limbs efficiently restored bone length and structure. In axolotl amputated limbs, plate-fixated and non-fixated fractures, we observed accumulation of PCNA+ proliferating cells at 3 weeks post-injury similar to mouse. Additionally, as in mouse, SOX9-expressing cells appeared in the early phase of fracture healing and amputated limb regeneration in axolotl, preceding cartilage formation. This implicates endochondral ossification to be the probable mechanism of bone healing in axolotls. Altogether, the surgery with a standardized fixation technique demonstrated here allows for controlled axolotl bone healing experiments, facilitating their comparison to mammals (mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polikarpova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - A Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - O Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - L Grosser
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - C H Bucher
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - G N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - E M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - K Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany.
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Dilogo IH, Fiolin J, Canintika AF, Pawitan JA, Luviah E. The Effect of Secretome, Xenogenic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, Hydroxyapatite Granule and Mechanical Fixation in Critical-Size Defects of Rat Models. THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY 2022; 10:17-22. [PMID: 35291237 PMCID: PMC8889421 DOI: 10.22038/abjs.2021.49539.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) have several drawbacks in treating critical-sized bone defect (CSD). Secretome may offer considerable advantages over living cells in terms of potency, manufacturing and storing easiness, and potential as a ready-to-go osteoinductive agent. However, thus far, there are no studies regarding the efficacy of secretome in bone healing. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the secretome in rat models with CSD. METHODS This was an experimental study with post-test only control group design using 60 skeletally mature Sprague Dawley rat which was divided evenly into 5 treatment groups (MSC only, Secretome only, MSC + Secretome, MSC + Secretome + BMP-2, Control group using Normal Saline). We used Bone Marrow derived MSC in this research. The critical-sized bone defect was created by performing osteotomy and defect was treated according to the groups. Rats were sacrificed on 2nd and 4th week and we measured the radiological outcome using Radiographic Union Score for Tibia (RUST) and histomorphometric (callus, osseous, cartilage, fibrous, and void area) evaluation using Image J. RESULTS There was no difference in the weight of rats between groups before and after the intervention. RUST score in all intervention group is significantly higher than the control group, however, the MSC-only group was not statistically significant higher than the control group. There is no statistically significant difference in RUST Score between intervention groups.Histomorphometric evaluation showed that total callus formation is the widest in the MSC+Secretome+BMP-2 combination group while the osseous area is found highest on the secretome-only group. CONCLUSION Secretome, whether used solely or combined with BM-MSC and BMP-2, is a novel, potent bone-healing agent for CSD in rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hadisoebroto Dilogo
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Stem Cell Medical Technology Integrated Service Unit, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jessica Fiolin
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Feby Canintika
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia-Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jeanne Adiwinata Pawitan
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Stem Cell Medical Technology Integrated Service Unit, Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
| | - Evah Luviah
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Cluster, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia
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3
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Negri S, Wang Y, Sono T, Qin Q, Hsu GCY, Cherief M, Xu J, Lee S, Tower RJ, Yu V, Piplani A, Meyers CA, Broderick K, Lee M, James AW. Systemic DKK1 neutralization enhances human adipose-derived stem cell mediated bone repair. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:610-622. [PMID: 33377628 PMCID: PMC7980212 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progenitor cells from adipose tissue are able to induce bone repair; however, inconsistent or unreliable efficacy has been reported across preclinical and clinical studies. Soluble inhibitory factors, such as the secreted Wnt signaling antagonists Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), are expressed to variable degrees in human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), and may represent a targetable "molecular brake" on ASC mediated bone repair. Here, anti-DKK1 neutralizing antibodies were observed to increase the osteogenic differentiation of human ASCs in vitro, accompanied by increased canonical Wnt signaling. Human ASCs were next engrafted into a femoral segmental bone defect in NOD-Scid mice, with animals subsequently treated with systemic anti-DKK1 or isotype control during the repair process. Human ASCs alone induced significant but modest bone repair. However, systemic anti-DKK1 induced an increase in human ASC engraftment and survival, an increase in vascular ingrowth, and ultimately improved bone repair outcomes. In summary, anti-DKK1 can be used as a method to augment cell-mediated bone regeneration, and could be particularly valuable in the contexts of impaired bone healing such as osteoporotic bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Negri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Yiyun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Takashi Sono
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qizhi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Masnsen Cherief
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seungyong Lee
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J Tower
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria Yu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhi Piplani
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn A Meyers
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen Broderick
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Min Lee
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Schmitz N, Timmen M, Kostka K, Hoerr V, Schwarz C, Faber C, Hansen U, Matthys R, Raschke MJ, Stange R. A novel MRI compatible mouse fracture model to characterize and monitor bone regeneration and tissue composition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16238. [PMID: 33004928 PMCID: PMC7529903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, murine in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contributed to a new understanding of tissue composition, regeneration and diseases. Due to artefacts generated by the currently used metal implants, MRI is limited in fracture healing research so far. In this study, we investigated a novel MRI-compatible, ceramic intramedullary fracture implant during bone regeneration in mice. Three-point-bending revealed a higher stiffness of the ceramic material compared to the metal implants. Electron microscopy displayed a rough surface of the ceramic implant that was comparable to standard metal devices and allowed cell attachment and growth of osteoblastic cells. MicroCT-imaging illustrated the development of the callus around the fracture site indicating a regular progressing healing process when using the novel implant. In MRI, different callus tissues and the implant could clearly be distinguished from each other without any artefacts. Monitoring fracture healing using MRI-compatible implants will improve our knowledge of callus tissue regeneration by 3D insights longitudinal in the same living organism, which might also help to reduce the consumption of animals for future fracture healing studies, significantly. Finally, this study may be translated into clinical application to improve our knowledge about human bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schmitz
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Timmen
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, W1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Kostka
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, W1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Hoerr
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schwarz
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Translational Research Imaging Center, Clinic of Radiology, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, W1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Raschke
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, W1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Gunderson ZJ, Campbell ZR, McKinley TO, Natoli RM, Kacena MA. A comprehensive review of mouse diaphyseal femur fracture models. Injury 2020; 51:1439-1447. [PMID: 32362447 PMCID: PMC7323889 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complications related to treatment of long bone fractures still stand as a major challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. Elucidation of the mechanisms of bone healing and development, and the subsequent alteration of these mechanisms to improve outcomes, typically requires animal models as an intermediary between in vitro and human clinical studies. Murine models are some of the most commonly used in translational research, and mouse fracture models are particularly diverse, offering a wide variety of customization with distinct benefits and limitations depending on the study. This review critically examines three common femur fracture models in the mouse, namely cortical hole, 3-point fracture (Einhorn), and segmental bone defect. We lay out the general procedure for execution of each model, evaluate the practical implications and important advantages/disadvantages of each and describe recent innovations. Furthermore, we explore the applications that each model is best adapted for in the context of the current state of murine orthopaedic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Gunderson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Zachery R. Campbell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Todd O. McKinley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Roman M. Natoli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, IN, USA,Corresponding Author: Melissa A. Kacena, Ph.D., Director of Basic and Translational Research, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN 46202, (317) 278-3482 – office, (317) 278-9568 – fax
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Kaur A, Mohan S, Rundle CH. A segmental defect adaptation of the mouse closed femur fracture model for the analysis of severely impaired bone healing. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:130-139. [PMID: 32613172 PMCID: PMC7323699 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better characterize nonunion endochondral bone healing and evaluate novel therapeutic approaches for critical size defect healing in clinically challenging bone repair, a segmental defect model of bone injury was adapted from the three-point bending closed fracture technique in the murine femur. METHODS The mouse femur was surgically stabilized with an intramedullary threaded rod with plastic spacers and the defect adjusted to different sizes. Healing of the different defects was analyzed by radiology and histology to 8 weeks postsurgery. To determine whether this model was effective for evaluating the benefits of molecular therapy, BMP-2 was applied to the defect and healing then examined. RESULTS Intramedullary spacers were effective in maintaining the defect. Callus bone formation was initiated but was arrested at defect sizes of 2.5 mm and above, with no more progress in callus bone development evident to 8 weeks healing. Cartilage development in a critical size defect attenuated very early in healing without bone development, in contrast to the closed femur fracture healing, where callus cartilage was replaced by bone. BMP-2 therapy promoted osteogenesis of the resident cells of the defect, but there was no further callus development to indicate that healing to pre-surgery bone structure was successful. CONCLUSIONS This segmental defect adaptation of the closed femur fracture model of murine bone repair severely impairs callus development and bone healing, reflecting a challenging bone injury. It is adjustable and can be compared to the closed fracture model to ascertain healing deficiencies and the efficacy of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterResearch Service (151)Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Administration Medical CenterLoma LindaCAUSA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterResearch Service (151)Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Administration Medical CenterLoma LindaCAUSA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCAUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCAUSA
| | - Charles H. Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease CenterResearch Service (151)Jerry L. Pettis Memorial Veterans Administration Medical CenterLoma LindaCAUSA
- Department of MedicineLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCAUSA
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Effects of Strontium-Doped β-Tricalcium Scaffold on Longitudinal Nuclear Factor-Kappa Beta and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Promoter Activities during Healing in a Murine Critical-Size Bone Defect Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093208. [PMID: 32370039 PMCID: PMC7246816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It was hypothesized that strontium (Sr)-doped β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP)-based scaffolds have a positive effect on the regeneration of large bone defects (LBD). Readouts in our mice models were nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB) activity and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) promoter activity during the healing process. A 2-mm critical-size femoral fracture was performed in transgenic NF-κB- and VEGFR-2-luciferase reporter mice. The fracture was filled with a 3D-printed β-TCP scaffold with or without Sr. A bioluminescence in-vivo imaging system was used to sequentially investigate NF-κB and VEGFR-2 expression for two months. After sacrifice, soft and osseous tissue formation in the fracture sites was histologically examined. NF-κB activity increased in the β-TCP + Sr group in the latter stage (day 40–60). VEGFR-2 activity increased in the + Sr group from days 0–15 but decreased and showed significantly less activity than the β-TCP and non-scaffold groups from days 40–60. The new bone formation and soft tissue formation in the + Sr group were significantly higher than in the β-TCP group, whereas the percentage of osseous tissue formation in the β-TCP group was significantly higher than in the β-TCP + Sr group. We analyzed longitudinal VEGFR-2 promoter activity and NF-κB activity profiles, as respective agents of angiogenesis and inflammation, during LBD healing. The extended inflammation phase and eventually more rapid resorption of scaffold caused by the addition of strontium accelerates temporary bridging of the fracture gaps. This finding has the potential to inform an improved treatment strategy for patients who suffer from osteoporosis.
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