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Tissera ND, Wijesena RN, Ludowyke N, Priyadarshana G, Dahanayake D, de Silva RM, Nalin de Silva KM. Keratin protein nanofibers from merino wool yarn: a top-down approach for the disintegration of hierarchical wool architecture to extract α-keratin protein nanofibers. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6793-6804. [PMID: 38405069 PMCID: PMC10885782 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the extraction of keratin nanofibers from the medulla of a parent yarn after denaturing the cuticle and cortex microstructures of a merino wool yarn. Controlled alkaline hydrolysis, followed by high-speed blending in acetic acid, allowed for the extraction of keratin protein nanofibers with an average diameter of 25 nm and a length of less than 3 μm. SEM and AFM analyses showed the removal of cuticle cells from the yarn. FT-IR and DSC analyses confirmed the hydrolysis and denaturation of the sheet protein matrix of cuticle cells. XPS analysis provided strong evidence for the gradual removal of the epicuticle, cuticle cells, and cortex of the hierarchical wool structure with an increase in alkaline hydrolysis conditions. It was confirmed that the merino wool yarn subjected to hydrolysis under alkaline conditions exposed its internal fibrillar surface. In an acetic acid medium, these fibrillar surfaces obtained a surface charge, which further supported the defibrillation of the structure into its individual nanofibrils during high-speed blending. The extracted nanostructures constitute mainly α-helical proteins. The morphology of the nanofibers is composed of a uniform circular cross-section based on the images obtained using AFM, TEM, and SEM. The extracted nanofibers were successfully fabricated into transparent sheets that can be used in several applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeka D Tissera
- Institute of Technology, University of Moratuwa Diyagma Homagama Sri Lanka +94 71 4044269
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka
| | - Ruchira N Wijesena
- Institute of Technology, University of Moratuwa Diyagma Homagama Sri Lanka +94 71 4044269
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka
| | - Natali Ludowyke
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology & Science Park, Mahenwatta, Pitipana Homagama Sri Lanka
| | - Gayan Priyadarshana
- Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura Pitipana Homagama Sri Lanka
| | | | - Rohini M de Silva
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka
| | - K M Nalin de Silva
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka
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Nanotechnology and quantum science enabled advances in neurological medical applications: diagnostics and treatments. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:3341-3356. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fan J, Yu MY, Lei TD, Wang YH, Cao FY, Qin X, Liu Y. In Vivo Biocompatibility and Improved Compression Strength of Reinforced Keratin/Hydroxyapatite Scaffold. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:145-154. [PMID: 30603542 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid freezing/lyophilizing/reinforcing process is suggested to fabricate reinforced keratin/hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold with improved mechanical property and biocompatibility for tissue engineering. The keratin, extracted from human hair, and HA mixture were rapidly frozen with liquid nitrogen and then lyophilized to prepare keratin/HA laminar scaffold. The scaffold was then immersed in PBS for reinforcement treatment, and followed by a second lyophilization to prepare the reinforced keratin/HA scaffold. The morphology, mechanical, chemical, crystal and thermal property of the keratin/HA scaffold were investigated by SEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC, respectively. The results showed that the keratin/HA scaffold had a high porosity of 76.17 ± 3%. The maximum compressive strength and compressive modulus of the reinforced scaffold is 0.778 and 3.3 MPa respectively. Subcutaneous implantation studies in mice showed that in vivo the scaffold was biocompatible since the foreign body reaction seen around the implanted scaffold samples was moderate and became minimal upon increasing implantation time. These results demonstrate that the keratin/HA reinforced scaffold prepared here is promising for biomedical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fan
- 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Meng-Yan Yu
- 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Tong-da Lei
- 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Yong-Heng Wang
- 2Medical Training Center, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian new town, Hebei Tangshan, 063210 China
| | - Fu-Yuan Cao
- 3Laboratory Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian new town, Hebei Tangshan, 063210 China
| | - Xiao Qin
- School of Textile and Garment, Yancheng Vocational Institute of Industry Technology, 285 Jiefang Nanlu Road, Yancheng, 224005 China
| | - Yong Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education, School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, 399 West Binshui Road, Tianjin, 300387 China
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Raveendran S, Rochani AK, Maekawa T, Kumar DS. Smart Carriers and Nanohealers: A Nanomedical Insight on Natural Polymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E929. [PMID: 28796191 PMCID: PMC5578295 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers are popularly being used in an increasing number of fields in the past few decades. The popularity and favorability of these materials are due to their remarkable properties, enabling a wide range of applications and market requirements to be met. Polymer biodegradable systems are a promising arena of research for targeted and site-specific controlled drug delivery, for developing artificial limbs, 3D porous scaffolds for cellular regeneration or tissue engineering and biosensing applications. Several natural polymers have been identified, blended, functionalized and applied for designing nanoscaffolds and drug carriers as a prerequisite for enumerable bionano technological applications. Apart from these, natural polymers have been well studied and are widely used in material science and industrial fields. The present review explains the prominent features of commonly used natural polymers (polysaccharides and proteins) in various nanomedical applications and reveals the current status of the polymer research in bionanotechnology and science sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Raveendran
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan.
| | - Ankit K Rochani
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan.
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan.
| | - D Sakthi Kumar
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan.
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Adhikari U, Rijal NP, Khanal S, Pai D, Sankar J, Bhattarai N. Magnesium incorporated chitosan based scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Bioact Mater 2016; 1:132-139. [PMID: 29744402 PMCID: PMC5883957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan based porous scaffolds are of great interest in biomedical applications especially in tissue engineering because of their excellent biocompatibility in vivo, controllable degradation rate and tailorable mechanical properties. This paper presents a study of the fabrication and characterization of bioactive scaffolds made of chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and magnesium gluconate (MgG). Scaffolds were fabricated by subsequent freezing-induced phase separation and lyophilization of polyelectrolyte complexes of CS, CMC and MgG. The scaffolds possess uniform porosity with highly interconnected pores of 50–250 μm size range. Compressive strengths up to 400 kPa, and elastic moduli up to 5 MPa were obtained. The scaffolds were found to remain intact, retaining their original three-dimensional frameworks while testing in in-vitro conditions. These scaffolds exhibited no cytotoxicity to 3T3 fibroblast and osteoblast cells. These observations demonstrate the efficacy of this new approach to preparing scaffold materials suitable for tissue engineering applications. Chitosan-magnesium-based composite scaffolds successfully synthesized. Uniformly distributed 3D networks, stable in cell culture medium with pore size in the range of 50–250 μm obtained. Compressive strengths up to 400 kPa and elastic moduli up to 5 MPa obtained. No cytotoxicity observed with 3T3 fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhab Adhikari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Nava P. Rijal
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Shalil Khanal
- Department of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Devdas Pai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Jagannathan Sankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Narayan Bhattarai
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- NSF ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemical, Biological and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA.
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