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Yang Y, Kim G. Headpost Surgery for in vivo Electrophysiological Recording in the Mouse Inferior Colliculus during Locomotion. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3840. [PMID: 33659489 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) is a critical midbrain integration center for auditory and non-auditory information. Although much is known about the response properties of the IC neurons to auditory stimuli, how the IC neural circuits function during movement such as locomotion remains poorly understood. Mice offer a valuable model in this respect, but previous studies of the mouse IC were performed in anesthetized or restrained preparations, making it difficult to study the IC function during behavior. Here we describe a neural recording protocol for the mouse IC in which mice are head-fixed, but can run on a passive treadmill. Mice first receive a headpost surgery, and become habituated to head-fixing while being on a treadmill. Following a few days of habituation, neural recordings of the IC neuron activity are performed. The neural activity can be compared across different behavioral conditions, such as standing still versus running on a treadmill. We describe how to overcome the challenges of headpost surgery for awake IC recording, presented by the location and overlying bones. This protocol allows investigations of the IC function in behaving mice, while allowing precise stimulus control and the use of recording methods similar to those for anesthetized preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsun Yang
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Korea.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gunsoo Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
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2
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Casado-Román L, Carbajal GV, Pérez-González D, Malmierca MS. Prediction error signaling explains neuronal mismatch responses in the medial prefrontal cortex. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3001019. [PMID: 33347436 PMCID: PMC7785337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a key biomarker of automatic deviance detection thought to emerge from 2 cortical sources. First, the auditory cortex (AC) encodes spectral regularities and reports frequency-specific deviances. Then, more abstract representations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) allow to detect contextual changes of potential behavioral relevance. However, the precise location and time asynchronies between neuronal correlates underlying this frontotemporal network remain unclear and elusive. Our study presented auditory oddball paradigms along with "no-repetition" controls to record mismatch responses in neuronal spiking activity and local field potentials at the rat medial PFC. Whereas mismatch responses in the auditory system are mainly induced by stimulus-dependent effects, we found that auditory responsiveness in the PFC was driven by unpredictability, yielding context-dependent, comparatively delayed, more robust and longer-lasting mismatch responses mostly comprised of prediction error signaling activity. This characteristically different composition discarded that mismatch responses in the PFC could be simply inherited or amplified downstream from the auditory system. Conversely, it is more plausible for the PFC to exert top-down influences on the AC, since the PFC exhibited flexible and potent predictive processing, capable of suppressing redundant input more efficiently than the AC. Remarkably, the time course of the mismatch responses we observed in the spiking activity and local field potentials of the AC and the PFC combined coincided with the time course of the large-scale MMN-like signals reported in the rat brain, thereby linking the microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic levels of automatic deviance detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Casado-Román
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Guillermo V. Carbajal
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Pérez-González
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel S. Malmierca
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Valdés-Baizabal C, Carbajal GV, Pérez-González D, Malmierca MS. Dopamine modulates subcortical responses to surprising sounds. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000744. [PMID: 32559190 PMCID: PMC7329133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine guides behavior and learning through pleasure, according to classic understanding. Dopaminergic neurons are traditionally thought to signal positive or negative prediction errors (PEs) when reward expectations are, respectively, exceeded or not matched. These signed PEs are quite different from the unsigned PEs, which report surprise during sensory processing. But mounting theoretical accounts from the predictive processing framework postulate that dopamine, as a neuromodulator, could potentially regulate the postsynaptic gain of sensory neurons, thereby scaling unsigned PEs according to their expected precision or confidence. Despite ample modeling work, the physiological effects of dopamine on the processing of surprising sensory information are yet to be addressed experimentally. In this study, we tested how dopamine modulates midbrain processing of unexpected tones. We recorded extracellular responses from the rat inferior colliculus to oddball and cascade sequences, before, during, and after the microiontophoretic application of dopamine or eticlopride (a D2-like receptor antagonist). Results demonstrate that dopamine reduces the net neuronal responsiveness exclusively to unexpected sensory input without significantly altering the processing of expected input. We conclude that dopaminergic projections from the thalamic subparafascicular nucleus to the inferior colliculus could encode the expected precision of unsigned PEs, attenuating via D2-like receptors the postsynaptic gain of sensory inputs forwarded by the auditory midbrain neurons. This direct dopaminergic modulation of sensory PE signaling has profound implications for both the predictive coding framework and the understanding of dopamine function. Information about unexpected stimuli is encoded in the form of prediction error signals. The earliest prediction error signals identified in the auditory brain emerge subcortically in the inferior colliculus. This study reveals the essential role of dopamine in encoding the precision of prediction errors at the auditory midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Valdés-Baizabal
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Guillermo V. Carbajal
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Pérez-González
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail: (DPG); (MSM)
| | - Manuel S. Malmierca
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory (CANELAB), Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail: (DPG); (MSM)
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Wong AB, Borst JGG. Tonotopic and non-auditory organization of the mouse dorsal inferior colliculus revealed by two-photon imaging. eLife 2019; 8:49091. [PMID: 31612853 PMCID: PMC6834370 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal (DCIC) and lateral cortices (LCIC) of the inferior colliculus are major targets of the auditory and non-auditory cortical areas, suggesting a role in complex multimodal information processing. However, relatively little is known about their functional organization. We utilized in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging in awake mice expressing GCaMP6s in GABAergic or non-GABAergic neurons in the IC to investigate their spatial organization. We found different classes of temporal responses, which we confirmed with simultaneous juxtacellular electrophysiology. Both GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons showed spatial microheterogeneity in their temporal responses. In contrast, a robust, double rostromedial-caudolateral gradient of frequency tuning was conserved between the two groups, and even among the subclasses. This, together with the existence of a subset of neurons sensitive to spontaneous movements, provides functional evidence for redefining the border between DCIC and LCIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Benson Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Gerard G Borst
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Malmierca MS, Niño-Aguillón BE, Nieto-Diego J, Porteros Á, Pérez-González D, Escera C. Pattern-sensitive neurons reveal encoding of complex auditory regularities in the rat inferior colliculus. Neuroimage 2019; 184:889-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Parras GG, Nieto-Diego J, Carbajal GV, Valdés-Baizabal C, Escera C, Malmierca MS. Neurons along the auditory pathway exhibit a hierarchical organization of prediction error. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2148. [PMID: 29247159 PMCID: PMC5732270 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception is characterized by a reciprocal exchange of predictions and prediction error signals between neural regions. However, the relationship between such sensory mismatch responses and hierarchical predictive processing has not yet been demonstrated at the neuronal level in the auditory pathway. We recorded single-neuron activity from different auditory centers in anaesthetized rats and awake mice while animals were played a sequence of sounds, designed to separate the responses due to prediction error from those due to adaptation effects. Here we report that prediction error is organized hierarchically along the central auditory pathway. These prediction error signals are detectable in subcortical regions and increase as the signals move towards auditory cortex, which in turn demonstrates a large-scale mismatch potential. Finally, the predictive activity of single auditory neurons underlies automatic deviance detection at subcortical levels of processing. These results demonstrate that prediction error is a fundamental component of singly auditory neuron responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria G Parras
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain.,The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Javier Nieto-Diego
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain.,The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Guillermo V Carbajal
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain.,The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Catalina Valdés-Baizabal
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain.,The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Carles Escera
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Catalonia, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Catalonia, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuel S Malmierca
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain. .,The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Castilla y León, Spain.
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The effect of inhibition on stimulus-specific adaptation in the inferior colliculus. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1391-1407. [PMID: 29143124 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The inferior colliculus is a center of convergence for inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs that may be activated simultaneously by sound stimulation. Stimulus repetition may generate response habituation by changing the efficacy of neuron's synaptic inputs. Specialized IC neurons reduce their response to repetitive tones, but restore their firing when a different and infrequent tone occurs, a phenomenon known as stimulus specific adaptation. Here, using the microiontophoresis technique, we determined the role of GABAA-, GABAB-, and glycinergic receptors in stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA). We found that blockade of postsynaptic GABAB receptors selectively modulated response adaptation to repetitive sounds, whereas blockade of presynaptic GABAB receptors exerted a gain control effect on neuron excitability. Adaptation decreased when postsynaptic GABAB receptors were blocked, but increased if the blockade affected the presynaptic GABAB receptors. A dual, paradoxical effect was elicited by blockade of glycinergic receptors, i.e., both increase and decrease in adaptation. Moreover, simultaneous co-application of GABAA, GABAB, and glycinergic antagonists demonstrated that local GABA- and glycine-mediated inhibition contributes to only about 50% of SSA. Therefore, inhibition via chemical synapses dynamically modulate the strength and dynamics of stimulus-specific adaptation, but does not generate it.
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Valdés-Baizabal C, Parras GG, Ayala YA, Malmierca MS. Endocannabinoid Modulation of Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in Inferior Colliculus Neurons of the Rat. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6997. [PMID: 28765608 PMCID: PMC5539202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are widely distributed in the brain, including the inferior colliculus (IC). Here, we aim to study whether endocannabinoids influence a specific type of neuronal adaptation, namely, stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) found in some IC neurons. SSA is important because it has been found as early as the level of the midbrain and therefore it may be a neuronal correlate of early indices of deviance detection. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated a direct link between SSA and MMN, that is widely used as an outcome measure in a variety of human neurodegenerative disorders. SSA is considered a form of short-term plasticity, and CBRs have been shown to play a role in short-term neural plasticity. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that endocannabinoids may play a role in the generation or modulation of SSA. We recorded single units in the IC under an oddball paradigm stimulation. The results demonstrate that cannabinoid agonists lead to a reduction in the neuronal adaptation. This change is due to a differential increase of the neuronal firing rate to the standard tone alone. Furthermore, we show that the effect is mediated by the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CBR1). Thus, cannabinoid agonists down-modulate SSA in IC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Valdés-Baizabal
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - G G Parras
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Y A Ayala
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - M S Malmierca
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,The Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Duque D, Wang X, Nieto-Diego J, Krumbholz K, Malmierca MS. Neurons in the inferior colliculus of the rat show stimulus-specific adaptation for frequency, but not for intensity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24114. [PMID: 27066835 PMCID: PMC4828641 DOI: 10.1038/srep24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological and psychophysical responses to a low-intensity probe sound tend to be suppressed by a preceding high-intensity adaptor sound. Nevertheless, rare low-intensity deviant sounds presented among frequent high-intensity standard sounds in an intensity oddball paradigm can elicit an electroencephalographic mismatch negativity (MMN) response. This has been taken to suggest that the MMN is a correlate of true change or “deviance” detection. A key question is where in the ascending auditory pathway true deviance sensitivity first emerges. Here, we addressed this question by measuring low-intensity deviant responses from single units in the inferior colliculus (IC) of anesthetized rats. If the IC exhibits true deviance sensitivity to intensity, IC neurons should show enhanced responses to low-intensity deviant sounds presented among high-intensity standards. Contrary to this prediction, deviant responses were only enhanced when the standards and deviants differed in frequency. The results could be explained with a model assuming that IC neurons integrate over multiple frequency-tuned channels and that adaptation occurs within each channel independently. We used an adaptation paradigm with multiple repeated adaptors to measure the tuning widths of these adaption channels in relation to the neurons’ overall tuning widths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Duque
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Xin Wang
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Javier Nieto-Diego
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Katrin Krumbholz
- MRC Institute of Hearing Research, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Manuel S Malmierca
- Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCYL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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