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You W, Zhou T, Knoops K, Berendschot TTJM, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Germeraad WTV, Benedikter B, Webers CAB, Reutelingsperger CPM, Gorgels TGMF. Stressed neuronal cells can recover from profound membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation and mitochondrial fragmentation, but not from cytochrome c release. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11045. [PMID: 37422517 PMCID: PMC10329692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38210-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of neurons in chronic neurodegenerative diseases may occur over a period of many years. Once initiated, neuronal cell death is accompanied by distinct phenotypic changes including cell shrinkage, neurite retraction, mitochondrial fragmentation, nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure at the plasma membrane. It is still poorly understood which events mark the point of no return for dying neurons. Here we analyzed the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y expressing cytochrome C (Cyto.C)-GFP. Cells were exposed temporarily to ethanol (EtOH) and tracked longitudinally in time by light and fluorescent microscopy. Exposure to EtOH induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, cell shrinkage, neurite retraction, mitochondrial fragmentation, nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing, PS exposure and Cyto.C release into the cytosol. Removing EtOH at predetermined time points revealed that all phenomena except Cyto.C release occurred in a phase of neuronal cell death in which full recovery to a neurite-bearing cell was still possible. Our findings underscore a strategy of treating chronic neurodegenerative diseases by removing stressors from neurons and harnessing intracellular targets that delay or prevent trespassing the point of no return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting You
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tao Zhou
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tos T J M Berendschot
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wilfred T V Germeraad
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Birke Benedikter
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carroll A B Webers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris P M Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Disease, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo G M F Gorgels
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Ross JA, Barrett B, Bensimon V, Shukla G, Weyman CM. Basal Signalling Through Death Receptor 5 and Caspase 3 Activates p38 Kinase to Regulate Serum Response Factor (SRF)-Mediated MyoD Transcription. J Mol Signal 2020; 14:1. [PMID: 32405318 PMCID: PMC7207250 DOI: 10.5334/1750-2187-14-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that stable expression of a dominant negative Death Receptor 5 (dnDR5) in skeletal myoblasts results in decreased basal caspase activity and decreased mRNA and protein expression of the muscle regulatory transcription factor MyoD in growth medium (GM), resulting in inhibited differentation when myoblasts are then cultured in differentiation media (DM). Further, this decreased level of MyoD mRNA was not a consequence of altered message stability, but rather correlated with decreased acetylation of histones in the distal regulatory region (DRR) of the MyoD extended promoter known to control MyoD transcription. As serum response factor (SRF) is the transcription factor known to be responsible for basal MyoD expression in GM, we compared the level of SRF binding to the non-canonical serum response element (SRE) within the DRR in parental and dnDR5 expressing myoblasts. Herein, we report that stable expression of dnDR5 resulted in decreased levels of serum response factor (SRF) binding to the CArG box in the SRE of the DRR. Total SRF expression levels were not affected, but phosphorylation indicative of SRF activation was impaired. This decreased SRF phosphorylation correlated with decreased phosphorylation-induced activation of p38 kinase. Moreover, the aforementioned signaling events affected by expression of dnDR5 could be appropriately recapitulated using either a pharmacological inhibitor of caspase 3 or p38 kinase. Thus, our results have established a signaling pathway from DR5 through caspases to p38 kinase activation, to SRF activation and the basal expression of MyoD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Ross
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
| | - Brianna Barrett
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
| | - Victoria Bensimon
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
| | - Girish Shukla
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
| | - Crystal M. Weyman
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, US
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Tang HM, Tang HL. Anastasis: recovery from the brink of cell death. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180442. [PMID: 30839720 PMCID: PMC6170572 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Anastasis is a natural cell recovery phenomenon that rescues cells from the brink of death. Programmed cell death such as apoptosis has been traditionally assumed to be an intrinsically irreversible cascade that commits cells to a rapid and massive demolition. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated recovery of dying cells even at the late stages generally considered immutable. Here, we examine the evidence for anastasis in cultured cells and in animals, review findings illuminating the potential mechanisms of action, discuss the challenges of studying anastasis and explore new strategies to uncover the function and regulation of anastasis, the identification of which has wide-ranging physiological, pathological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Tang
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Lam Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Tang HM, Fung MC, Tang HL. Detecting Anastasis In Vivo by CaspaseTracker Biosensor. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29443051 DOI: 10.3791/54107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Anastasis (Greek for "rising to life") is a recently discovered cell recovery phenomenon whereby dying cells can reverse late-stage cell death processes that are generally assumed to be intrinsically irreversible. Promoting anastasis could in principle rescue or preserve injured cells that are difficult to replace such as cardiomyocytes or neurons, thereby facilitating tissue recovery. Conversely, suppressing anastasis in cancer cells, undergoing apoptosis after anti-cancer therapies, may ensure cancer cell death and reduce the chances of recurrence. However, these studies have been hampered by the lack of tools for tracking the fate of cells that undergo anastasis in live animals. The challenge is to identify the cells that have reversed the cell death process despite their morphologically normal appearance after recovery. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed Drosophila and mammalian CaspaseTracker biosensor systems that can identify and permanently track the anastatic cells in vitro or in vivo. Here, we present in vivo protocols for the generation and use of the CaspaseTracker dual biosensor system to detect and track anastasis in Drosophila melanogaster after transient exposure to cell death stimuli. While conventional biosensors and protocols can label cells actively undergoing apoptotic cell death, the CaspaseTracker biosensor can permanently label cells that have recovered after caspase activation - a hallmark of late-stage apoptosis, and simultaneously identify active apoptotic processes. This biosensor can also track the recovery of the cells that attempted other forms of cell death that directly or indirectly involved caspase activity. Therefore, this protocol enables us to continuously track the fate of these cells and their progeny, facilitating future studies of the biological functions, molecular mechanisms, physiological and pathological consequences, and therapeutic implications of anastasis. We also discuss the appropriate controls to distinguish cells that undergo anastasis from those that display non-apoptotic caspase activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Man Tang
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong;
| | - Ming Chiu Fung
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong;
| | - Ho Lam Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine;
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