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Multicolor labeling of airway neurons and analysis of parasympathetic heterogeneity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5006. [PMID: 35322058 PMCID: PMC8943012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We report subpopulations of airway parasympathetic neurons expressing substance P, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and tyrosine hydroxylase, highlighting unexplored heterogeneity in this population. These neurotransmitter-specific subpopulations did not form intraganglionic interneurons, but rather, extended outside the ganglia, into the airways, to distant innervation targets. Our experiments demonstrate the utility of multicolor labeling to characterize airway innervation, allowing us to confirm the extensive heterogeneity of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. These methods will facilitate future investigations of neurophysiology and neural contributions to airway disease.
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Dalwadi DA, Torrens L, Abril-Fornaguera J, Pinyol R, Willoughby C, Posey J, Llovet JM, Lanciault C, Russell DW, Grompe M, Naugler WE. Liver Injury Increases the Incidence of HCC following AAV Gene Therapy in Mice. Mol Ther 2021; 29:680-690. [PMID: 33554867 PMCID: PMC7854305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) integrates into host genomes at low frequency, but when integration occurs in oncogenic hotspots it can cause hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Given the possibility of recombinant AAV (rAAV) integration leading to HCC, common causes of liver inflammation like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may increase the risk of rAAV-induced HCC. A rAAV targeting the oncogenic mouse Rian locus was used, and as expected led to HCC in all mice infected as neonates, likely due to growth-related hepatocyte proliferation in young mice. Mice infected with rAAV as adults did not develop HCC unless they were fed a diet leading to NAFLD, with increased inflammation and hepatocyte proliferation. Female mice were less susceptible to rAAV-induced HCC, and male mice with NAFLD treated with estrogen exhibited less inflammation and immune exhaustion associated with oncogenesis compared to those without estrogen. Adult NAFLD mice infected with a non-targeted control rAAV also developed HCC, though only half as frequently as those exposed to the Rian targeted rAAV. This study shows that adult mice exposed to rAAV gene therapy in the context of chronic liver disease developed HCC at high frequency, and thus warrants further study in humans given the high prevalence of NAFLD in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwanil A Dalwadi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Papé Family, Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Laura Torrens
- Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Abril-Fornaguera
- Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roser Pinyol
- Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Catherine Willoughby
- Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jeffrey Posey
- Papé Family, Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Divisions of Liver Diseases, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Christian Lanciault
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David W Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Papé Family, Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Willscott E Naugler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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