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Qin X, Wang H, Li Q, Hu D, Wang L, Zhou B, Liao R, Liu Y. Salidroside ameliorates acute liver transplantation rejection in rats by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:833-843. [PMID: 38716542 PMCID: PMC11214976 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute rejection is an important factor affecting the survival of recipients after liver transplantation. Salidroside has various properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. This study aims to investigate whether salidroside can prevent acute rejection after liver transplantation and to examine the underlying mechanisms involved. An in vivo acute rejection model is established in rats that are pretreated with tacrolimus (1 mg/kg/d) or salidroside (10 or 20 mg/kg/d) for seven days after liver transplantation. In addition, an in vitro experiment is performed using neutrophils incubated with salidroside (1, 10, 50 or 100 μM). Hematoxylin-eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining, immunosorbent assays, immunofluorescence analysis, Evans blue staining, and western blot analysis are performed to examine the impact of salidroside on NET formation and acute rejection in vitro and in vivo. We find that Salidroside treatment reduces pathological liver damage, serum aminotransferase level, and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in vivo. The expressions of proteins associated with the HMGB1/TLR-4/MAPK signaling pathway (HMGB1, TLR-4, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, p-P38, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, Bcl-2, Bax, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) are also decreased after salidroside treatment. In vitro experiments show that the release of HMGB1/TLR-4/MAPK signaling pathway-associated proteins from neutrophils treated with lipopolysaccharide is decreased by salidroside. Moreover, salidroside inhibits NETosis and protects against acute rejection by regulating the HMGB1/TLR-4/MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, salidroside combined with tacrolimus has a better effect than either of the other treatments alone. In summary, salidroside can prevent acute liver rejection after liver transplantation by reducing neutrophil extracellular trap development through the HMGB1/TLR-4/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
- Department of General Surgery and Trauma SurgeryChildren’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and DisordersMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersChongqing Key Laboratory of Structural Birth Defect and ReconstructionChongqing400014China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Dingheng Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Liangxu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Baoyong Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Yanyao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgerythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
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Liu P, Liu X, Yang L, Qian Y, Lu Q, Shi A, Wei S, Zhang X, Lv Y, Xiang J. Enhanced hemocompatibility and rapid magnetic anastomosis of electrospun small-diameter artificial vascular grafts. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1331078. [PMID: 38328445 PMCID: PMC10847591 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1331078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Small-diameter (<6 mm) artificial vascular grafts (AVGs) are urgently required in vessel reconstructive surgery but constrained by suboptimal hemocompatibility and the complexity of anastomotic procedures. This study introduces coaxial electrospinning and magnetic anastomosis techniques to improve graft performance. Methods: Bilayer poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLCL) grafts were fabricated by coaxial electrospinning to encapsulate heparin in the inner layer for anticoagulation. Magnetic rings were embedded at both ends of the nanofiber conduit to construct a magnetic anastomosis small-diameter AVG. Material properties were characterized by micromorphology, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, mechanical tests, in vitro heparin release and hemocompatibility. In vivo performance was evaluated in a rabbit model of inferior vena cava replacement. Results: Coaxial electrospinning produced PLCL/heparin grafts with sustained heparin release, lower platelet adhesion, prolonged clotting times, higher Young's modulus and tensile strength versus PLCL grafts. Magnetic anastomosis was significantly faster than suturing (3.65 ± 0.83 vs. 20.32 ± 3.45 min, p < 0.001) and with higher success rate (100% vs. 80%). Furthermore, magnetic AVG had higher short-term patency (2 days: 100% vs. 60%; 7 days: 40% vs. 0%) but similar long-term occlusion as sutured grafts. Conclusion: Coaxial electrospinning improved hemocompatibility and magnetic anastomosis enhanced implantability of small-diameter AVG. Short-term patency was excellent, but further optimization of anticoagulation is needed for long-term patency. This combinatorial approach holds promise for vascular graft engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Graduate School, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lifei Yang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yerong Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Aihua Shi
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shasha Wei
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junxi Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Salidroside alleviates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury during liver transplant in rat through regulating TLR-4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13973. [PMID: 35978104 PMCID: PMC9385636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salidroside has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. However, its effect on hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), an unavoidable side effect associated with liver transplantation, remains undefined. Here, we aimed to determine whether salidroside alleviates hepatic IRI and elucidate its potential mechanisms. We used both in vivo and in vitro assays to assess the effect and mechanisms of salidroside on hepatic IRI. Hepatic IRI rat models were pretreated with salidroside (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/day) for 7 days following liver transplantation while hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model of RAW 264.7 macrophages were pretreated with salidroside (1, 10 or 50 μM). The effect of salidroside on hepatic IRI was assessed using hematoxylin–eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining, qRT-PCR, immunosorbent assay and western blotting. Our in vivo assays showed that salidroside significantly reduced pathological liver damage, serum aminotransferase levels and serum levels of IL-1, IL-18 and TNF-α. Besides, salidroside reduced the expression of TLR-4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway associated proteins (TLR-4, MyD88, p-IKKα, p-IKKβ, p-IKK, p-IκBα, p-P65, NLRP3, ASC, Cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and IL-6) in rats after liver transplantation. On the other hand, data from the in vitro analysis demonstrated that salidroside blocks expression of TLR-4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway related proteins in the RAW264.7 cells treated with H/R. The salidroside-specific anti-inflammatory effects were partially inhibited by the TLR-4 agonist lipopolysaccharide. Taken together, our study showed that salidroside inhibits hepatic IRI following liver transplantation by modulating the TLR-4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway.
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Liu Y, Pu X, Qin X, Gong J, Huang Z, Luo Y, Mou T, Zhou B, Shen A, Wu Z. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Regulate HMGB1 Translocation and Kupffer Cell M1 Polarization During Acute Liver Transplantation Rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823511. [PMID: 35603144 PMCID: PMC9120840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play important roles in hepatic ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) and acute rejection (AR)-induced immune responses to inflammation. After liver transplantation, HMGB1, an inflammatory mediator, contributes to the development of AR. Even though studies have found that HMGB1 can promote NET formation, the correlation between NETs and HMGB1 in the development of AR following liver transplantation has not been elucidated. In this study, levels of serum NETs were significantly elevated in patients after liver transplantation. Moreover, we found that circulating levels of NETs were negatively correlated with liver function. In addition, liver transplantation and elevated extracellular HMGB1 promoted NET formation. The HMGB1/TLR-4/MAPK signaling pathway, which is initiated by HMGB1, participates in NET processes. Moreover, in the liver, Kupffer cells were found to be the main cells secreting HMGB1. NETs induced Kupffer cell M1 polarization and decreased the intracellular translocation of HMGB1 by inhibiting DNase-1. Additionally, co-treatment with TAK-242 (a TLR-4 inhibitor) and rapamycin more effectively alleviated the damaging effects of AR following liver transplantation than either drug alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyu Pu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qin
- Department of General Surgery and Trauma Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Children Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Children Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhua Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuotian Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhai Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong Mou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baoyong Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ai Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Tumor Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongjun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Lei H, Pan Y, Wu R, Lv Y. Innate Immune Regulation Under Magnetic Fields With Possible Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582772. [PMID: 33193393 PMCID: PMC7649827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the wide applications of magnetic fields (MFs) in medicine, researchers from different disciplines have gained interest in understanding the effect of various types of MFs on living cells and organisms. In this paper, we mainly focus on the immunological and physical aspects of the immune responses and their mechanisms under different types of MFs. Immune cells were slightly affected by low-frequency alternating MFs but were strongly influenced by moderate-intensity MFs and high-gradient MFs (HGMFs). Larger immune cells, such as macrophages, were more sensitive to HGMFs, which biased the cell polarization into the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Subject to the gradient forces of varying directions and strength, the elongated M2 macrophage also remodeled the cytoskeleton with actin polymerization and changed the membrane receptors and ion channel gating. These alterations were very similar to changes caused by the small GTPase RhoA interference in macrophage. Regulation of iron metabolism may also contribute to the MF effects in macrophages. High MFs were found to regulate the iron content in monocyte-/macrophage-derived osteoclasts by affecting the expression of iron-regulation genes. On the other hand, paramagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) combined with external MFs play an important role in T-cell immunity. Paramagnetic NP-coated T-cells can cluster their T-cell receptors (TCRs) by using an external MF, thus increasing the cell–cell contact and communication followed by enhanced tumor killing capacity. The external MF can also guide the adoptively transferred magnetic NP-coated T-cells to their target sites in vivo, thus dramatically increasing the efficiency of cell therapy. Additionally, iron oxide NPs for ferroptosis-based cancer therapy and other MF-related therapeutic applications with obstacles were also addressed. Furthermore, for a profound understanding of the effect of MFs on immune cells, multidisciplinary research involving both experimental research and theoretical modeling is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lei
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Pan
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum Systems, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongqian Wu
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Lv
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Lu Q, Liu K, Zhang W, Li T, Shi AH, Ding HF, Yan XP, Zhang XF, Wu RQ, Lv Y, Wang SP. End-to-end vascular anastomosis using a novel magnetic compression device in rabbits: a preliminary study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5981. [PMID: 32249793 PMCID: PMC7136200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic compression anastomosis (MCA) has been appreciated as an innovative alternative to manual suturing in vascular reconstruction. However, magnetic devices have limitations in their applications. The present study aimed to introduce a newly developed magnetic device for end-to-end vascular anastomosis. Twenty male New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to receive end-to-end postcaval vein anastomosis using either a newly designed MCA device (Group MCA) or continuous-interrupted suturing (Group CIS). The anastomotic patency was evaluated by Doppler or venography immediately, 1 week, and 12 weeks after surgery. Anastomotic quality was evaluated gross and microscopic histological study 12 weeks after surgery. The procedure was successfully performed and all animals survived until sacrifice. The duration of surgery and anastomosis time in Group MCA were significantly shorter compared to Group CIS (all p < 0.001), and the incidence of anastomotic patency and postoperative morbidity were comparable between the two groups (all p > 0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that anastomotic intima from Group MCA was much smoother with more regularly arranged endothelial cells than from compared to the Group CIS. A novel MCA device was successfully applied in rabbit vascular anastomosis. We demonstrated the reliability and effectiveness of this newly developed MCA in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ai-Hua Shi
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Fan Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rong-Qian Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Shan-Pei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Technology and Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
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