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Giacalone AG, Merritt ME, Ragavan M. Ex Vivo Hepatic Perfusion Through the Portal Vein in Mouse. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/63154. [PMID: 35343950 PMCID: PMC9258001 DOI: 10.3791/63154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as diabetes, pre-diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are becoming increasingly common. Ex vivo liver perfusions allow for a comprehensive analysis of liver metabolism using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), in nutritional conditions that can be rigorously controlled. As in silico simulations remain a primarily theoretical means of assessing hormone actions and the effects of pharmaceutical intervention, the perfused liver remains one of the most valuable test beds for understanding hepatic metabolism. As these studies guide basic insights into hepatic physiology, results must be accurate and reproducible. The greatest factor in the reproducibility of ex vivo hepatic perfusion is the quality of surgery. Therefore, we have introduced an organized and streamlined method to perform ex vivo mouse liver perfusions in the context of in situ NMR experiments. We also describe a unique application and discuss common issues encountered in these studies. The overall purpose is to provide an uncomplicated guide to a technique we have refined over several years that we deem the golden standard for obtaining reproducible results in hepatic resections and perfusions in the context of in situ NMR experiments. The distance to the center of the field for the magnet as well as the inaccessibility of the tissue to intervention during the NMR experiment makes our methods novel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida
| | - Mukundan Ragavan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida;
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Carlson KN, Pavan-Guimaraes J, Verhagen JC, Chlebeck P, Verhoven B, Jennings H, Najmabadi F, Liu Y, Burlingham W, Capitini CM, Al-Adra D. Interleukin-10 and Transforming Growth Factor-β Cytokines Decrease Immune Activation During Normothermic Ex Vivo Machine Perfusion of the Rat Liver. Liver Transpl 2021; 27:1577-1591. [PMID: 34118129 PMCID: PMC8556218 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) is a novel system for organ preservation that may improve over static cold storage clinically and offers the chance for graft modification prior to transplantation. Although recent studies have shown the presence of inflammatory molecules during perfusion, none have yet shown the effects of NEVLP on liver-resident immune cell activation. We investigated the effects of NEVLP on liver-resident immune cell activation and assessed the ability of anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 10 (IL10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) to improve organ function and reduce immune activation during perfusion. Rat livers were perfused for 4 hours at 37°C with or without the addition of 20 ng/mL of each IL10 and TGF-β (n = 7). Naïve and cold storage (4 hours at 4°C) livers served as controls (n = 4). Following preservation, gene expression profiles were assessed through single-cell RNA sequencing; dendritic cell and macrophage activation was measured by flow cytometry; and cytokine production was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. NEVLP induced a global inflammatory gene expression signature, most notably in liver-resident macrophages and dendritic cells, which was accompanied by an increase in cell-surface levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II, CD40, and CD86. Immune activation was partially ameliorated by IL10 and TGF-β treatment, but no changes were observed in inflammatory cytokine production. Overall levels of liver damage and cellular apoptosis from perfusion were low, and liver function was improved with IL10 and TGF-β treatment. This is the first study to demonstrate that liver-resident immune cells gain an activated phenotype during NEVLP on both the gene and protein level and that this activation can be reduced through therapeutic intervention with IL10 and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N. Carlson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Juliana Pavan-Guimaraes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Joshua C. Verhagen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Peter Chlebeck
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Bret Verhoven
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Heather Jennings
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Feridoon Najmabadi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - William Burlingham
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Christian M. Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - David Al-Adra
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
- Department of Medicine, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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Akateh C, Beal EW, Kim JL, Reader BF, Maynard K, Zweier JL, Whitson BA, Black SM. Intrahepatic Delivery of Pegylated Catalase Is Protective in a Rat Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Model. J Surg Res 2019; 238:152-163. [PMID: 30771685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) can occur during liver surgery. Endogenous catalase is important to cellular antioxidant defenses and is critical to IRI prevention. Pegylation of catalase (PEG-CAT) improves its therapeutic potential by extending plasma half-life, but systemic administration of exogenous PEG-CAT has been only mildly therapeutic for hepatic IRI. Here, we investigated the protective effects of direct intrahepatic delivery of PEG-CAT during IRI using a rat hilar clamp model. MATERIALS AND METHODS PEG-CAT was tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, enriched rat liver cell populations were subjected to oxidative stress injury (H2O2), and measures of cell health and viability were assessed. In vivo, rats underwent segmental (70%) hepatic warm ischemia for 1 h, followed by 6 h of reperfusion, and plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, tissue malondialdehyde, adenosine triphosphate, and GSH, and histology were assessed. RESULTS In vitro, PEG-CAT pretreatment of liver cells showed substantial uptake and protection against oxidative stress injury. In vivo, direct intrahepatic, but not systemic, delivery of PEG-CAT during IRI significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.01, P < 0.0001, respectively, for all time points) compared to control. Similarly, tissue malondialdehyde (P = 0.0048), adenosine triphosphate (P = 0.019), and GSH (P = 0.0015), and the degree of centrilobular necrosis, were improved by intrahepatic compared to systemic PEG-CAT delivery. CONCLUSIONS Direct intrahepatic administration of PEG-CAT achieved significant protection against IRI by reducing the volume distribution and taking advantage of the substantial hepatic first-pass uptake of this molecule. The mode of delivery was an important factor for protection against hepatic IRI by PEG-CAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Akateh
- The COPPER Laboratory, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eliza W Beal
- The COPPER Laboratory, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jung-Lye Kim
- The COPPER Laboratory, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brenda F Reader
- The COPPER Laboratory, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Katelyn Maynard
- The COPPER Laboratory, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bryan A Whitson
- The COPPER Laboratory, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sylvester M Black
- The COPPER Laboratory, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Comprehensive Transplant Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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Martins RM, Teodoro JS, Furtado E, Oliveira RC, Tralhão JG, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. Mild hypothermia during the reperfusion phase protects mitochondrial bioenergetics against ischemia-reperfusion injury in an animal model of ex-vivo liver transplantation-an experimental study. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1304-1312. [PMID: 31588197 PMCID: PMC6775262 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.34617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The organ preservation paradigm has changed following the development of new ways to preserve organs. The use of machine perfusion to preserve organs appears to have several advantages compared with conventional static cold storage. For liver transplants, the temperature control provided by machine perfusion improves organ preservation. In this experimental study, we measured the effects of different temperatures on mitochondrial bioenergetics during the reperfusion phase. An experimental model of ex-vivo liver transplantation was developed in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). After total hepatectomy, cold static preservation occurred at 4ºC and reperfusion was performed at 37ºC and 32ºC using a Langendorff system. We measured parameters associated with mitochondrial bioenergetics in the livers. Compared with the livers that underwent normothermic reperfusion, mild hypothermia during reperfusion caused significant increases in the mitochondrial membrane potential, the adenosine triphosphate content, and mitochondrial respiration, and a significant reduction in the lag phase (all P < 0.001). Mild hypothermia during reperfusion reduced the effect of ischemia-reperfusion injury on mitochondrial activity in liver tissue and promoted an increase in bioenergetic availability compared with normothermic reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Miguel Martins
- Department of Surgery, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Soeiro Teodoro
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra; and Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Furtado
- Unidade de Transplantação Hepática de Crianças e Adultos, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Caetano Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Guilherme Tralhão
- Department of Surgery, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Clínica Universitária de Cirurgia III, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; and Center for Investigation on Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela Pinto Rolo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra; and Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Marques Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra; and Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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