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Yu J, Wang K, Tang Y, Zheng D. Applications and perspectives of tumor organoids in radiobiology (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 52:100. [PMID: 38904192 PMCID: PMC11223011 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy exhibits significant versatility and efficacy in cancer treatment, thereby playing a crucial role in the field of oncology. However, there remains an urgent need for extensive research on various aspects of radiotherapy, including target selection, damage repair and its combination with immunotherapy. Particularly, the development of in vitro models to replicate in vivo tumor lesion responses is vital. The present study provides a thorough review of the establishment and application of tumor organoids in radiotherapy, aiming to explore their potential impact on cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yu
- Department of Hematology, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617067, P.R. China
| | - Kailun Wang
- Emergency Department, Panshihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617067, P.R. China
| | - Yongjiang Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617067, P.R. China
| | - Dalin Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617067, P.R. China
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Liu J, Zhang B, Cui Y, Song H, Shang D. In vitro co-culture models for studying organoids-macrophages interaction: the golden technology of cancer immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:3222-3240. [PMID: 39113861 PMCID: PMC11301299 DOI: 10.62347/bqfh7352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, as the largest immune cell group in tumour tissues, play a crucial role in influencing various malignant behaviours of tumour cells and tumour immune evasion. As the research on macrophages and cancer immunotherapy develops, the importance of appropriate research models becomes increasingly evident. The development of organoids has bridged the gap between traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures and animal experiments. Recent studies have demonstrated that organoids exhibit similar physiological characteristics to the source tissue and closely resemble the in vivo genome and molecular markers of the source tissue or organ. However, organoids still lack an immune component. Developing a co-culture model of organoids and macrophages is crucial for studying the interaction and mechanisms between tumour cells and macrophages. This paper presents an overview of the establishment of co-culture models, the current research status of organoid macrophage interactions, and the current status of immunotherapy. In addition, the application prospects and shortcomings of the model are explained. Ultimately, it is hoped that the co-culture model will offer a preclinical testing platform for maximising a precise cancer immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yuying Cui
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Huiyi Song
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Dong Shang
- Department of General Surgery, Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, Liaoning, PR China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, Liaoning, PR China
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3
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Wei H, Li Y, Li L, Hu Q, Shi M, Cheng L, Jiang X, Zhou Y, Chen S, Ji Y, Chen L. Novel organoid construction strategy for non-involuting congenital hemangioma for drug validation. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:32. [PMID: 37106420 PMCID: PMC10142414 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-involuting congenital hemangiomas (NICHs) are fully formed vascular tumors at birth with distinctive clinical, radiologic, and histopathological profiles. In the literature, there is no effective therapy strategy for patients with NICH except surgery. Currently, no cell line or animal model exists for studying the mechanism of NICH and drug validation. We plan to construct a new strategy by constructing NICH organoids for further study. RESULT Here, we report a novel NICH organoid system construction and optimization process. Both HE and immunohistological staining exactly matched NICH tissue. We further performed transcriptome analysis to elucidate the characteristics of NICH organoids. Both NICH tissue and NICH organoids manifested similar trends in download sites. NICH organoids display novel features to new cells derived from organoids and show spectacular multiplication capacity. In the preliminary verification, we found that cells splitting from NICH organoids were human endothelial cells. Drug validation demonstrated that trametinib, sirolimus, and propranolol showed no inhibitory effects on NICH organoids. CONCLUSION Our data show that this new NICH-derived organoid faithfully captured the features of this rare vascular tumor. Our study will boost further research on the mechanism of NICH and drug filtering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoche Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Clinical Pathology West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Mingsong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linbo Cheng
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xile Jiang
- Clinical Nutrition Department, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnocentric of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563006, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Ji
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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4
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Whitford MKM, McCaffrey L. Polarity in breast development and cancer. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:245-283. [PMID: 37100520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland development and breast cancer progression are associated with extensive remodeling of epithelial tissue architecture. Apical-basal polarity is a key feature of epithelial cells that coordinates key elements of epithelial morphogenesis including cell organization, proliferation, survival, and migration. In this review we discuss advances in our understanding of how apical-basal polarity programs are used in breast development and cancer. We describe cell lines, organoids, and in vivo models commonly used for studying apical-basal polarity in breast development and disease and discuss advantages and limitations of each. We also provide examples of how core polarity proteins regulate branching morphogenesis and lactation during development. We describe alterations to core polarity genes in breast cancer and their associations with patient outcomes. The impact of up- or down-regulation of key polarity proteins in breast cancer initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance are discussed. We also introduce studies demonstrating that polarity programs are involved in regulating the stroma, either through epithelial-stroma crosstalk, or through signaling of polarity proteins in non-epithelial cell types. Overall, a key concept is that the function of individual polarity proteins is highly contextual, depending on developmental or cancer stage and cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K M Whitford
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
FLASH radiotherapy is a novel technique that has been shown in numerous preclinical in vivo studies to have the potential to be the next important improvement in cancer treatment. However, the biological mechanisms responsible for the selective FLASH sparing effect of normal tissues are not yet known. An optimal translation of FLASH radiotherapy into the clinic would require a good understanding of the specific beam parameters that induces a FLASH effect, environmental conditions affecting the response, and the radiobiological mechanisms involved. Even though the FLASH effect has generally been considered as an in vivo effect, studies finding these answers would be difficult and ethically challenging to carry out solely in animals. Hence, suitable in vitro studies aimed towards finding these answers are needed. In this review, we describe and summarise several in vitro assays that have been used or could be used to finally elucidate the mechanisms behind the FLASH effect.
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Mohan SC, Lee TY, Giuliano AE, Cui X. Current Status of Breast Organoid Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:745943. [PMID: 34805107 PMCID: PMC8602090 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.745943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women globally. Although mouse models have been critical in advancing the knowledge of BC tumorigenesis and progression, human breast models comprising the breast tissue microenvironment are needed to help elucidate the underlying mechanisms of BC risk factors. As such, it is essential to identify an ex vivo human breast tissue mimetic model that can accurately pinpoint the effects of these factors in BC development. While two-dimensional models have been invaluable, they are not suitable for studying patient-specific tumor biology and drug response. Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) models have led to the prominence of organized structures grown in a 3D environment called “organoids.” Breast organoids can accurately recapitulate the in vivo breast microenvironment and have been used to examine factors that affect signaling transduction, gene expression, and tissue remodeling. In this review, the applications, components, and protocols for development of breast organoids are discussed. We summarize studies that describe the utility of breast organoids, including in the study of normal mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. Finally, we provide an overview of protocols for development of breast organoids, and the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques in studies are described. The included studies have shown that breast organoids will continue to serve as a crucial platform for understanding of progression of BC tumors and the testing of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivarshini Cherukupalli Mohan
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tian-Yu Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Abstract
Organoids have complex three-dimensional structures that exhibit functionalities and feature architectures similar to those of in vivo organs and are developed from adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and pluripotent stem cells through a self-organization process. Organoids derived from adult epithelial stem cells are the most mature and extensive. In recent years, using organoid culture techniques, researchers have established various adult human tissue-derived epithelial organoids, including intestinal, colon, lung, liver, stomach, breast, and oral mucosal organoids, all of which exhibit strong research and application prospects. Studies have shown that epithelial organoids are mainly applied in drug discovery, personalized drug response testing, disease mechanism research, and regenerative medicine. In this review, we mainly discuss current organoid culture systems and potential applications of this technique with human epithelial tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Li
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Hunan Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Saizhi Wu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Lianwen Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
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Suckert T, Nexhipi S, Dietrich A, Koch R, Kunz-Schughart LA, Bahn E, Beyreuther E. Models for Translational Proton Radiobiology-From Bench to Bedside and Back. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4216. [PMID: 34439370 PMCID: PMC8395028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of proton therapy centers worldwide are increasing steadily, with more than two million cancer patients treated so far. Despite this development, pending questions on proton radiobiology still call for basic and translational preclinical research. Open issues are the on-going discussion on an energy-dependent varying proton RBE (relative biological effectiveness), a better characterization of normal tissue side effects and combination treatments with drugs originally developed for photon therapy. At the same time, novel possibilities arise, such as radioimmunotherapy, and new proton therapy schemata, such as FLASH irradiation and proton mini-beams. The study of those aspects demands for radiobiological models at different stages along the translational chain, allowing the investigation of mechanisms from the molecular level to whole organisms. Focusing on the challenges and specifics of proton research, this review summarizes the different available models, ranging from in vitro systems to animal studies of increasing complexity as well as complementing in silico approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Suckert
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (S.N.); (A.D.); (L.A.K.-S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sindi Nexhipi
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (S.N.); (A.D.); (L.A.K.-S.)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Dietrich
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (S.N.); (A.D.); (L.A.K.-S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robin Koch
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.K.); (E.B.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leoni A. Kunz-Schughart
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (S.N.); (A.D.); (L.A.K.-S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Emanuel Bahn
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.K.); (E.B.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Beyreuther
- OncoRay—National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01309 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (S.N.); (A.D.); (L.A.K.-S.)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden—Rossendorf, Institute of Radiation Physics, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Stein MC, Braun F, Krebs CF, Bunders MJ. Kidney organoid systems for studies of immune-mediated kidney diseases: challenges and opportunities. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:457-473. [PMID: 34309728 PMCID: PMC8310776 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic kidney diseases are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in the global population. Many nephropathies are considered to be immune-mediated with dysregulated immune responses playing an important role in the pathogenesis. At present, targeted approaches for many kidney diseases are still lacking, as the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. With the recent development of organoids—a three-dimensional, multicellular culture system, which recapitulates important aspects of human tissues—new opportunities to investigate interactions between renal cells and immune cells in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases arise. To date, kidney organoid systems, which reflect the structure and closer resemble critical aspects of the organ, have been established. Here, we highlight the recent advances in the development of kidney organoid models, including pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids and primary epithelial cell-based tubuloids. The employment and further required advances of current organoid models are discussed to investigate the role of the immune system in renal tissue development, regeneration, and inflammation to identify targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches of immune-mediated kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Stein
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Braun
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian F Krebs
- Division of Translational Immunology, III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
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10
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Slepicka PF, Somasundara AVH, Dos Santos CO. The molecular basis of mammary gland development and epithelial differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 114:93-112. [PMID: 33082117 PMCID: PMC8052380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular events underpinning the development of mammalian organ systems has been increasing rapidly in recent years. With the advent of new and improved next-generation sequencing methods, we are now able to dig deeper than ever before into the genomic and epigenomic events that play critical roles in determining the fates of stem and progenitor cells during the development of an embryo into an adult. In this review, we detail and discuss the genes and pathways that are involved in mammary gland development, from embryogenesis, through maturation into an adult gland, to the role of pregnancy signals in directing the terminal maturation of the mammary gland into a milk producing organ that can nurture the offspring. We also provide an overview of the latest research in the single-cell genomics of mammary gland development, which may help us to understand the lineage commitment of mammary stem cells (MaSCs) into luminal or basal epithelial cells that constitute the mammary gland. Finally, we summarize the use of 3D organoid cultures as a model system to study the molecular events during mammary gland development. Our increased investigation of the molecular requirements for normal mammary gland development will advance the discovery of targets to predict breast cancer risk and the development of new breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferreira Slepicka
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Camila O Dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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Current and Future Perspectives of the Use of Organoids in Radiobiology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122649. [PMID: 33317153 PMCID: PMC7764598 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer patients will be treated with radiotherapy, either alone or together with chemotherapy and/or surgery. Optimising the balance between tumour control and the probability of normal tissue side effects is the primary goal of radiation treatment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the effects that irradiation will have on both normal and cancer tissue. The more classical lab models of immortal cell lines and in vivo animal models have been fundamental to radiobiological studies to date. However, each of these comes with their own limitations and new complementary models are required to fill the gaps left by these traditional models. In this review, we discuss how organoids, three-dimensional tissue-resembling structures derived from tissue-resident, embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells, overcome the limitations of these models and thus have a growing importance in the field of radiation biology research. The roles of organoids in understanding radiation-induced tissue responses and in moving towards precision medicine are examined. Finally, the limitations of organoids in radiobiology and the steps being made to overcome these limitations are considered.
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12
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Hacker BC, Rafat M. Organoids as Complex In Vitro Models for Studying Radiation-Induced Cell Recruitment. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:341-357. [PMID: 32952734 PMCID: PMC7479086 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) typically receive chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. Although this treatment improves prognosis for most patients, some patients continue to experience recurrence within 5 years. Preclinical studies have shown that immune cell infiltration at the irradiated site may play a significant role in tumor cell recruitment; however, little is known about the mechanisms that govern this process. This lack of knowledge highlights the need to evaluate radiation-induced cell infiltration with models that have controllable variables and maintain biological integrity. Mammary organoids are multicellular three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models, and they have been used to examine many aspects of mammary development and tumorigenesis. Organoids are also emerging as a powerful tool to investigate normal tissue radiation damage. In this review, we evaluate recent advances in mammary organoid technology, consider the advantages of using organoids to study radiation response, and discuss future directions for the applications of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Hacker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Marjan Rafat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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13
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Northcutt LA, Suarez-Arnedo A, Rafat M. Emerging Biomimetic Materials for Studying Tumor and Immune Cell Behavior. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2064-2077. [PMID: 31617045 PMCID: PMC7156320 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death both in the United States and worldwide. The dynamic microenvironment in which tumors grow consists of fibroblasts, immune cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and cytokines that enable progression and metastasis. Novel biomaterials that mimic these complex surroundings give insight into the biological, chemical, and physical environment that cause cancer cells to metastasize and invade into other tissues. Two-dimensional (2D) cultures are useful for gaining limited information about cancer cell behavior; however, they do not accurately represent the environments that cells experience in vivo. Recent advances in the design and tunability of diverse three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials complement biological knowledge and allow for improved recapitulation of in vivo conditions. Understanding cell-ECM and cell-cell interactions that facilitate tumor survival will accelerate the design of more effective therapies. This review discusses innovative materials currently being used to study tumor and immune cell behavior and interactions, including materials that mimic the ECM composition, mechanical stiffness, and integrin binding sites of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan A Northcutt
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Marjan Rafat
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Engineering and Science Building, Rm. 426, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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